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Arctic-adapted dogs emerged at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition
Sled dog arctic adaptations go far back
Dogs have been used for sledding in the Arctic as far back as ∼9500 years ago. However, the relationships among the earliest sled dogs, other dog populations, and wolves are unknown. Sinding et al. sequenced an ancient sled dog, 10 modern sled dogs, and an ancient wolf and analyzed their genetic relationships with other modern dogs. This analysis indicates that sled dogs represent an ancient lineage going back at least 9500 years and that wolves bred with the ancestors of sled dogs and precontact American dogs. However, gene flow between sled dogs and wolves likely stopped before ∼9500 years ago.
Science, this issue p. 1495
Abstract
Although sled dogs are one of the most specialized groups of dogs, their origin and evolution has received much less attention than many other dog groups. We applied a genomic approach to investigate their spatiotemporal emergence by sequencing the genomes of 10 modern Greenland sled dogs, an ~9500-year-old Siberian dog associated with archaeological evidence for sled technology, and an ~33,000-year-old Siberian wolf. We found noteworthy genetic similarity between the ancient dog and modern sled dogs. We detected gene flow from Pleistocene Siberian wolves, but not modern American wolves, to present-day sled dogs. The results indicate that the major ancestry of modern sled dogs traces back to Siberia, where sled dog–specific haplotypes of genes that potentially relate to Arctic adaptation were established by 9500 years ago.
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Supplementary Material
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Materials and Methods
Figs. S1 to S21
Tables S1 to S6
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Published In
Science
Volume 368 | Issue 6498
26 June 2020
26 June 2020
Copyright
Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
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Submission history
Received: 15 October 2019
Accepted: 6 May 2020
Published in print: 26 June 2020
Acknowledgments
We thank J. A. Leonard and B. von Holdt for input and comments in the conceptualization of this study, the Danish National High-Throughput Sequencing Centre and BGI-Europe for assistance in Illumina data generation, and the Danish National Supercomputer for Life Sciences – Computerome (https://computerome.dtu.dk) for the computational resources to perform the sequence analyses. Funding: This work is embedded in “The Qimmeq Project,” funded by the Velux Foundations and Aage og Johanne Louis-Hansens Fond, and supported by ArchSci2020, funded by the European Union’s EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 under Marie Curie Actions grant no. 676154. We thank the Rock Foundation of New York for funding excavations at the Zhokhov and Yana sites in a 15-year-long effort starting in 2000. M.-H.S.S. was supported by the Independent Research Fund Denmark (8028-00005B) and NHM Oslo. S.G. was supported by Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (H2020 655732 - WhereWolf) and Carlsberg (CF14 - 0995). M.d.M.M. was supported by a Formació de Personal Investigador fellowship from Generalitat de Catalunya (FI_B01111). V.V.P., E.Y.P., and P.A.N. were supported by the Russian Science Foundation project no. 16-18-10265-RNF. T.M.B. was supported by BFU2017-86471-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE), Howard Hughes International Early Career, Obra Social “La Caixa” and Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca and CERCA Programme del Departament d’Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (GRC 2017 SGR 880). M.T.P.G. was supported by a European Research Council grant (ERC-2015-CoG-681396–Extinction Genomics). G.L. and L.A.F. were supported by the ERC (Grant ERC-2013-StG-337574-UNDEAD) and the Natural Environmental Research Council (Grants NE/K005243/1 and NE/K003259/1). P.S. was supported by the Francis Crick Institute (FC001595). Author contributions: M.-H.S.S., S.G., J.R.-M., M.d.M.M., and M.T.P.G. conceived of the project and designed the research. V.V.P., E.Y.P., P.A.N., A.K.K., V.V.I., and E.W. provided archaeological work, logistics, and/or ancient collected samples. M.-H.S.S., M.F., S.E.W., M.P.H.-J., R.D., and C.S. coordinated logistics of and/or provided modern samples. C.C. and M.-H.S.S. conducted the laboratory work. S.G., J.R.-M., M.d.M.M., L.K., L.A.F.F., F.G.V., J.N., and J.A.S.C. conducted the analyses of data with considerable input from M.-H.S.S., B.P., T.S.-P., T.M.-B., A.J.H., and M.T.P.G. S.G., J.R.-M., M.d.M.M., L.K., L.A.F.F., F.G.V., J.N., J.A.S.C., P.S., M.-H.S.S., T.M.-B., A.J.H., and M.T.P.G. interpreted results with considerable input from B.P., T.S.-P., V.V.P., T.R.F., E.U.A.-R., P.D.J., M.M., L.D., G.L., L.B., and Ø.W. M.-H.S.S., S.G., J.R.-M., M.d.M.M., and M.T.P.G. wrote the paper with input from all other authors. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Data and materials availability: Raw sequencing data can be accessed at the NCBI Short Read Archive under project number PRJNA608847.
Authors
Funding Information
European Molecular Biology Organization: STF 8286
Wellcome: 210119/Z/18/Z
Natural Environment Research Council: NE/S00078X/1
European Research Council: ERC-2015-CoG-681396–Extinction Genomics
European Research Council: ERC-2013-StG-337574-UNDEAD
Carlsbergfondet: CF14 - 0995
The Velux Foundations and Aage og Johanne Louis-Hansens Fond: The Qimmeq Project
European Union's Innovation Horizon 2020: ArchSci2020 NO 676154
Rock Foundation of New York
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad: BES-2015-072143
Obra Social "La Caixa" and Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca and CERCA Programme del Departament d’Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya: GRC 2017 SGR 880
Howard Hughes International Early Career
MINECO/FEDER, UE: BFU2017-86471-P
Russian Science Foundation: N 16-18-10265-RNF
Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions: H2020 655732 - WhereWolf
Independent Research Fund Denmark: 8028-00005B
Natural Environmental Research Council: NE/K005243/1 and NE/K003259/1
NHM Oslo
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