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Upper mantle structure of Mars from InSight seismic data
Single seismometer structure
Because of the lack of direct seismic observations, the interior structure of Mars has been a mystery. Khan et al., Knapmeyer-Endrun et al., and Stähler et al. used recently detected marsquakes from the seismometer deployed during the InSight mission to map the interior of Mars (see the Perspective by Cottaar and Koelemeijer). Mars likely has a 24- to 72-kilometer-thick crust with a very deep lithosphere close to 500 kilometers. Similar to the Earth, a low-velocity layer probably exists beneath the lithosphere. The crust of Mars is likely highly enriched in radioactive elements that help to heat this layer at the expense of the interior. The core of Mars is liquid and large, ∼1830 kilometers, which means that the mantle has only one rocky layer rather than two like the Earth has. These results provide a preliminary structure of Mars that helps to constrain the different theories explaining the chemistry and internal dynamics of the planet.
Abstract
For 2 years, the InSight lander has been recording seismic data on Mars that are vital to constrain the structure and thermochemical state of the planet. We used observations of direct (P and S) and surface-reflected (PP, PPP, SS, and SSS) body-wave phases from eight low-frequency marsquakes to constrain the interior structure to a depth of 800 kilometers. We found a structure compatible with a low-velocity zone associated with a thermal lithosphere much thicker than on Earth that is possibly related to a weak S-wave shadow zone at teleseismic distances. By combining the seismic constraints with geodynamic models, we predict that, relative to the primitive mantle, the crust is more enriched in heat-producing elements by a factor of 13 to 20. This enrichment is greater than suggested by gamma-ray surface mapping and has a moderate-to-elevated surface heat flow.
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Supplementary Material
Summary
Materials and Methods
Figs. S1 to S18
Tables S1 to S9
Resources
References and Notes
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Science
Volume 373 | Issue 6553
23 July 2021
23 July 2021
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Copyright © 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
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Submission history
Received: 21 October 2020
Accepted: 14 May 2021
Published in print: 23 July 2021
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge NASA, CNES, partner agencies and institutions (UKSA, SSO, DLR, JPL, IPGP-CNRS, ETHZ, IC, MPS-MPG), and the operators of JPL, SISMOC, MSDS, IRIS-DMC and PDS for providing SEED SEIS data. We are grateful to four reviewers for constructive comments that led to an improved manuscript. Numerical computations were partly performed on the S-CAPAD platform, IPGP, France. This is InSight contribution number 129. Funding: Supported by ETHZ through the ETH+ funding scheme (ETH+02 19-1:“Planet Mars”) (A.C.D., A.K., D.G., J.C., M.v.D., and S.C.S.); the NASA InSight mission and funds from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA (M.P.P.); NASA grant 80NSSC18K1628 (D.K., F.K., N.C.S., Q.H., and R.R.M.); a Packard Foundation Fellowship (V.L.); CNES (for the SEIS analysis) and an ANR grant (MAGIS, ANR-19-CE31-0008-08) (B.P., C.M., H.S., M.D., M.P., and P.L.); the UK Space Agency (W.T.P. and C.C.); NASA grant 80NSSC18K1622 (S.M.M.); and a grant from the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS) under project ID s922. Author contributions: S.C., D.G., A.K., P.L., N.C.S., J.F.C., S.C.S., M.v.D., and Q.H. analyzed the seismic data and made arrival-time picks; A.K. and A.C.D. performed the inversions; A.K., S.C., D.G., M.v.D., N.C.S., H.S., C.M., and S.E.S. participated and contributed to the interpretation of the results; and A.K. wrote the main paper with contributions from H.S., N.C.S., S.C., M.v.D., P.L., D.G., S.M.M., C.M., T.S., V.L., S.E.S., A.B., and R.R.M. Contributions to the supplement: section 1, S.C., D.G., A.K., N.C.S., Q.H., P.L., D.K., C.C., J.F.C., A.C.D., P.M.D., M.D., F.K., V.L., R.R.M., W.T.P., M.P., J.-R.S., and R.W.-S.; section 2, A.K. and A.C.D.; section 3, A.C.D., A.K., N.C.S., S.C., Q.H., and D.K.; sections 4 and 5, H.S., S.M.M., and A.B. The InSight mission is managed by W.B.B., S.E.S., and M.P.P. The SEIS instrument development was led by P.L., D.G., W.T.P., and W.B.B. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Data and materials availability: The InSight seismic event catalog (comprising all events, including phase picks, until July 2020) and waveform data are available from the IRIS-DMC, NASA-PDS, SEIS-InSight data portal and IPGP data center (55–57). Two representative interior structure models are available in digital format from DOI: 10.18715/IPGP.2021.kpnr925g.
Authors
Funding Information
National Aeronautics and Space Administration: 80NSSC18K1622
Agence Nationale de la Recherche: ANR-19-CE31-0008-08
Agence Nationale de la Recherche: ANR-19-CE31-0008-08
Agence Nationale de la Recherche: ANR-19-CE31-0008-08
Agence Nationale de la Recherche: ANR-19-CE31-0008-08
Agence Nationale de la Recherche: ANR-19-CE31-0008-08
Agence Nationale de la Recherche: SEIS Phase E2 support
Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales: SEIS Phase E2 support
Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales: SEIS Phase E2 support
Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales: SEIS Phase E2 support
Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales: SEIS Phase E2 support
Agence Nationale de la Recherche: ANR-19-CE31-0008-08
Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales: SEIS Phase E2 support
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