Quantitative analyses in a multivariate study of language attrition: the impact of extralinguistic factors
Abstract
Most linguistic processes — acquisition, change, deterioration — take place in and are determined by a complex and multifactorial web of language internal and language external influences. This implies that the impact of each individual factor can only be determined on the basis of a careful consideration of its interplay with all other factors. The present study investigates to what degree a number of sociolinguistic and extralinguistic factors, which have been previously demonstrated or claimed to be relevant in the context of language attrition, can account for individual differences in first language (L1) proficiency. Data were collected from attriting populations with German as their L1: one in a Dutch language context (n = 53) and one in a Canadian English setting (n = 53). These groups were compared to a reference group of Germans in Germany (n = 53). Overall, the proposed outcome measures (derived from both formal tasks and a free speech task) are argued to be stable and valid indicators of attrition effects. The predictor variables under investigation are shown to fall into several reliable factor groups, for example, identification and affiliation with L1, exposure to German language and attitude towards L1. These are the factor groups that have, so far, been considered the most important for the process of L1 attrition or maintenance. However, the predictive power exercised by these factor groups in the present study is shown to be relatively weak.
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1.
1 Due to the scale of the test battery, it is not possible to include an appendix containing all tasks and questionnaires. The full battery is available upon request from the first author of this article. Versions for languages other than German exist or are in the process of being developed.
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2 For seven of the 159 informants, only one of the two VF tasks was available due to equipment failure. In these cases, the single score was used.
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3 Since the target group had acquired the language under investigation as a first language in a naturalistic setting, questions pertaining to the language learning situation were not included.
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4 The ungrammatical sentences that were tested in the grammaticality judgement task were semantically adapted versions of ungrammatical structures that had been produced by attriters of German in an earlier study (Schmid, 2002). In addition, all sentences were pre-tested on (non-attrited) L1 speakers of German.
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Article first published online: March 31, 2010
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