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As classified in WFO snapshot

June 2025

latest classification for this taxon

Previous Previous classification

species

Phoenix dactylifera L.

This species name was first published in Sp. Pl. : 1188 (1753)  

At the time of this classification snapshot, this species name was accepted by WFO (placed as the accepted name of a taxon). Its description and other taxonomic data can be found on World Flora Online, id: wfo-0000269752.

Literature

Synonyms of Phoenix dactylifera L.

Name Author Protologue Nomenclator WFO link
Palma dactylifera (L.) Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8. : n.° 1 (1768) wfo-0000263283
Palma major Garsault Fig. Pl. Méd. : t. 47 (1764) wfo-0000263287
Phoenix atlantica var. maroccana A.Chev. Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 2: 172 (1952) wfo-0000269744
Phoenix dactylifera var. adunca D.H.Christ ex Becc. Malesia 3: 357 (1890) wfo-0000269754
Phoenix dactylifera var. costata Becc. Malesia 3: 357 (1890) wfo-0000269755
Phoenix dactylifera var. cylindrocarpa Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 258 (1838) wfo-0000269756
Phoenix dactylifera var. gonocarpa Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 258 (1838) wfo-0000269757
Phoenix dactylifera var. oocarpa Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 258 (1838) wfo-0000269759
Phoenix dactylifera var. oxysperma Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 258 (1838) wfo-0000269760
Phoenix dactylifera var. sphaerocarpa Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 258 (1838) wfo-0000269761
Phoenix dactylifera var. sphaerosperma Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 258 (1838) wfo-0000269762
Phoenix dactylifera var. sylvestris Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 258 (1838) wfo-0000269763
Phoenix excelsior Cav. Icon. 2: 13 (1793) wfo-0000269769
Zamia pungens L.f. ex Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 401. 1796 [Nov-Dec 1796] wfo-0000429941
Zamia pallida Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 401 (1796) wfo-0000429957
Macrozamia tridentata var. pungens (Willd.) J.Schust. Pflanzenr. , IV, 1: 93 (1932) wfo-0000453770
Phoenix chevalieri D.Rivera, S.Ríos & Obón Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot. 1: 79 (1997) wfo-0000490854
Phoenix iberica D.Rivera, S.Ríos & Obón Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot. 1: 73 (1997) wfo-0000490855
Encephalartos pungens (L.f. ex Aiton) Lehm. Allg. Gartenzeitung 2(11): 86 (1834) wfo-0000667446
Zamia pungens L.f. Hort. Kew. (W. Aiton) 3: 478 1789 wfo-1200029895
`, data() { const wfoCategories = [ "synonym", "accepted", "unplaced", "null", "species", "subspecies", "variety", "subvariety", "subform", "form", "subseries", "series", "subsection", "section", "subgenus", "genus", "subtribe", "tribe", "supertribe", "subfamily", "family", "suborder", "order", "superorder", "subclass", "class", "phylum", "subkingdom", "kingdom", "code", "unranked", "depricated", ]; // Recommended approach: Set domain for consistent colors, with fallback for new ranks const rankColorScale = d3.scaleOrdinal() .domain(wfoCategories) .range(d3.schemePaired) .unknown(() => { // For unknown ranks, assign the next available color from schemePaired const usedColors = wfoCategories.length; const schemeLength = d3.schemePaired.length; const nextColorIndex = usedColors % schemeLength; return d3.schemePaired[nextColorIndex]; }); return { pieLayout: d3.pie().value(d => d.value).sortValues(null), pickedStat: null, pickedGraph: 'species', colours: rankColorScale, _isInitialLoad: true // Flag to track initial load } }, computed: { stats() { return this.groupedStats[this.pickedGraph] || [] }, outerRadius() { return Math.min(this.svgWidth, this.svgHeight) / 2 - 20 }, innerRadius() { return this.outerRadius * .45 }, arc() { return d3.arc().outerRadius(this.outerRadius).innerRadius(this.innerRadius).cornerRadius(4) }, pieData() { return this.stats.length ? this.pieLayout(this.stats) : [] }, currentTotalValues() { return this.stats.reduce((acc, s) => acc + s.value, 0) }, centreGroup() { return `translate(${this.svgWidth/2}, ${this.svgHeight/2})` }, isRankTypeStat() { return this.pickedGraph === 'rank' || this.pickedGraph === 'accepted'; } }, watch: { pickedStat() { this.updateActiveClass() }, pickedGraph() { this.updatePie() this._isInitialLoad = false; } }, mounted() { this.setupSvg() this.updatePie(true); }, methods: { setupSvg() { const svg = d3.select(this.$refs.svgContainer); svg.selectAll('*').remove(); // Ensure a clean slate // Create the main group 'g' only once this._svgGroup = svg .attr('width', this.svgWidth) .attr('height', this.svgHeight) .attr('class', "container") .append('g') .attr('class', 'pies') .attr('transform', this.centreGroup) }, updateActiveClass() { if (this._pathElements) { this._pathElements.attr('class', d => d.data.id === this.pickedStat ? 'active' : ''); } }, updatePie(isInitial = false) { const self = this; const paths = this._svgGroup.selectAll('path') .data(this.pieData, d => d.data.label); const durationValue = isInitial ? 700 : 800; // EXIT selection paths.exit() .transition() .duration(durationValue) .attrTween('d', function(d) { // 'this._current' holds the *last* known angular state of this element before it exited. const start = this._current || d; // Use its last known position as the start of the exit animation const end = { startAngle: start.startAngle, // Collapse to its own START angle endAngle: start.startAngle // Making start and end angles equal creates a zero-width arc at the start edge }; const interpolate = d3.interpolate(start, end); return t => self.arc(interpolate(t)); }) .remove(); // ENTER selection const enter = paths.enter() .append('path') .each(function(d) { // Initialize _current for new elements. // If initial load, they start from (0,0) and tween. // If not initial, they appear at their start angle and tween in from there. this._current = isInitial ? { startAngle: 0, endAngle: 0 } : { startAngle: d.startAngle, endAngle: d.startAngle }; }) .on('mouseover', (event, d) => { self.pickedStat = d.data.id; }) .on('mouseout', () => { self.pickedStat = null; }); // MERGE (Enter + Update) selection this._pathElements = enter.merge(paths); // Animate all paths (new and existing) this._pathElements .attr('fill', (d, i) => { return self.colours(d.data.label); }) .transition() .duration(durationValue) .attrTween('d', function(d) { // Use the _current state (from previous transition or initial setup) // as the starting point for interpolation. const previous = this._current; const interpolate = d3.interpolate(previous, d); // Crucially, update _current to the *target* state for the next transition. this._current = d; return t => self.arc(interpolate(t)); }) }, percentage(value) { const total = this.currentTotalValues const percentage = (value / total) * 100 return percentage < 1 ? Math.round(percentage * 10) / 10 : Math.round(percentage) }, totalForStatsWithKey(key) { const stats = this.groupedStats[key] || [] return stats.length ? stats.reduce((acc, s) => acc + s.value, 0) : 0 }, formatNumber(amount) { if (isNaN(amount)) return '' const sign = amount < 0 ? '-' : '' const abs = Math.abs(amount) return sign + abs.toString().replace(/\B(?=(\d{3})+(?!\d))/g, ",") }, tweenPie(b) { const i = d3.interpolate({ startAngle: 0, endAngle: 0 }, b) return t => this.arc(i(t)) }, capitalize(s) { if (!s) return '' return s.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + s.slice(1) }, } }) var vm = new Vue({ el: "#el", delimiters: ["${", "}"], data: function () { const urlParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); const subTaxaInitalPage = parseInt(urlParams.get('subTaxaPage')); const unplacedInitalPage = parseInt(urlParams.get('unplacedPage')); const perPage = 10; return { groupedStats: groupedStats, hideSyns: false, children: children, unplaced: unplaced, totalSyns: totalSyns, subTaxaPageIsLoading: false, unplacedPageIsLoading: false, subTaxaPaging: this.createPaging(partsCount, perPage, (subTaxaInitalPage && subTaxaInitalPage > 0) ? subTaxaInitalPage : 1, partsCount), // totalItems, perPage, currentPage unplacedPaging: this.createPaging(unplacedCount, perPage, (unplacedInitalPage && unplacedInitalPage > 0) ? unplacedInitalPage : 1, unplacedCount), // totalItems, perPage, currentPage, allRanks: typeof allRanks !== "undefined" ? allRanks : [], // assign global safely }; }, created() { }, mounted() { this.init() }, methods: { init: function () { //on page load check the url for any info const urlParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); this.hideSyns = (urlParams.get('hide_syns') === 'true'); }, getTaxonUri: function (taxon) { var url = "/taxon/"; url += taxon.id; if(taxon.id.length < 22) { url += '-' + latestClassification.id } return url }, getNomenclature: function (taxon) { var uir = ""; var kind; var ipniIdentifier = taxon.identifiersOther.filter(nomenclature => nomenclature.kind === 'ipni'); var tropicosIdentifier = taxon.identifiersOther.filter(nomenclature => nomenclature.kind === 'tropicos'); if (ipniIdentifier.length) { uir = `https://www.ipni.org/n/${ipniIdentifier[0].value}`.trim() kind = 'ipni'; } else if (tropicosIdentifier.length) { uir = `https://www.tropicos.org/name/${tropicosIdentifier[0].value}`.trim() kind = 'tropicos'; } return { kind: kind, uir: uir} }, createPaging: function (totalItems, perPage, currentPage) { return { totalItems: totalItems, perPage: perPage, currentPage: currentPage || 1, } }, getOffset: function (paging) { return (paging.perPage * paging.currentPage) - paging.perPage; }, getRangeFirst: function (paging) { return this.getOffset(paging) + 1; }, getRangeLast: function (paging) { return Math.min(this.getOffset(paging) + paging.perPage, paging.totalItems); }, isSecondLastPage: function (paging) { return paging.currentPage === this.totalPages(paging) - 1; }, isLastPage: function (paging) { return paging.currentPage >= this.totalPages(paging); }, remainingItemsCount: function (paging) { return paging.totalItems % paging.perPage || paging.perPage; }, totalPages: function (paging) { if (!paging.perPage) return 1; // avoid div by zero return Math.ceil(paging.totalItems / paging.perPage); }, prevPage: function (paging) { if (paging.currentPage > 1) paging.currentPage--; }, nextPage: function (paging) { if (!this.isLastPage(paging)) paging.currentPage++; }, async performSubTaxaQuery(offset, limit) { const query = `query { taxonConceptById(taxonId: "${taxonId}") { id children: hasPart(offset: ${offset}, limit: ${limit}) { id title hasName { ...taxonFields } hasSynonym { ...taxonFields } } } } fragment taxonFields on TaxonName { id title nameString fullNameStringHtml fullNameStringNoAuthorsHtml fullNameStringNoAuthorsPlain fullNameStringPlain speciesString genusString authorsString authorsStringHtml citationMicro classificationId comment nomenclaturalStatus rank role stableUri identifiersOther { kind value } }`; const response = await this.fetchItems(JSON.stringify({ query })); if (!response || !response.data || !response.data.taxonConceptById) { console.warn("Invalid response from GraphQL:", response); return []; } return response.data.taxonConceptById.children; }, async performUplacedItemsQuery(offset, limit) { console.log("perfoming Query!"); const query = `query { taxonConceptById(taxonId: "${taxonId}") { id hasUnplacedName(offset: ${offset} , limit: ${limit}) { ...taxonFields } } } fragment taxonFields on TaxonName { id title nameString fullNameStringHtml fullNameStringNoAuthorsHtml fullNameStringNoAuthorsPlain fullNameStringPlain speciesString genusString authorsString authorsStringHtml citationMicro classificationId comment nomenclaturalStatus rank role stableUri identifiersOther { kind value } }`; const response = await this.fetchItems(JSON.stringify({ query })); console.log(response); if (!response || !response.data || !response.data.taxonConceptById) { console.warn("Invalid response from GraphQL:", response); return []; } return response.data.taxonConceptById.hasUnplacedName; }, fetchItems: async function (query) { let opts = { method: "POST", headers: {}, body: query }; const response = await fetch(requestURL, opts); const responseJson = await response.json(); return responseJson }, updateUrlParam(paramName, value) { const urlParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); urlParams.set(paramName, value); history.pushState(null, null, "?" + urlParams.toString()); }, capitalize(str) { return str.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + str.slice(1); }, }, watch: { hideSyns: function () { //if checkbox changes, also update the url const urlParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); urlParams.set('hide_syns', this.hideSyns); history.pushState(null, null, "?"+urlParams.toString()); }, 'subTaxaPaging.currentPage': async function (newPage) { // Update URL for subtaxa page this.updateUrlParam('subTaxaPage', newPage); // Load new subtaxa data this.subTaxaPageIsLoading = true; this.children = await this.performSubTaxaQuery( this.getOffset(this.subTaxaPaging), this.subTaxaPaging.perPage ); this.subTaxaPageIsLoading = false; }, 'unplacedPaging.currentPage': async function (newPage) { //if page changes, also update the url // Update URL for unplaced taxa page this.updateUrlParam('unplacedPage', newPage); // Load new unplaced data this.unplacedPageIsLoading = true; this.unplaced = await this.performUplacedItemsQuery( this.getOffset(this.unplacedPaging), this.unplacedPaging.perPage ); this.unplacedPageIsLoading = false; }, }, computed: { currentNoOfSyns() { var hits = this.children.reduce((accumulator, element) => accumulator + element.hasSynonym.length, 0); return hits }, subTaxaHeading() { if (!this.children || this.children.length === 0) { return { shortName: "subtaxa", fullName: "Subtaxa" }; } // Count how many children per rank const rankCounts = {}; this.children.forEach(child => { const rank = child.hasName?.rank; if (rank) rankCounts[rank] = (rankCounts[rank] || 0) + 1; }); const uniqueRanks = Object.keys(rankCounts); // Case 1: only one rank used if (uniqueRanks.length === 1) { const rankId = uniqueRanks[0]; const count = rankCounts[rankId]; const rank = this.allRanks?.find(r => r.id === rankId); const singular = rank?.id || rankId; const plural = rank?.plural || (rankId + "s"); return { shortName: count === 1 ? singular.toLowerCase() : plural.toLowerCase(), fullName: count === 1 ? this.capitalize(singular) : this.capitalize(plural) }; } // Case 2: mixed ranks — lowercase in shortName and fullName const labels = uniqueRanks.map(rankId => { const count = rankCounts[rankId]; const rank = this.allRanks?.find(r => r.id === rankId); const label = count === 1 ? (rank?.id || rankId) : (rank?.plural || (rankId + "s")); return label.toLowerCase(); }); return { shortName: "subtaxa", fullName: `Subtaxa (${labels.join(", ")})` }; }, hideNomenclator() { return !this.children.some(child => { // Check the main taxonConcept const hasMain = Array.isArray(child.hasName?.identifiersOther) && child.hasName.identifiersOther.some(id => id && ["ipni", "tropicos"].includes(id.kind) ); // Check synonyms if visible const hasSyn = !this.hideSyns && Array.isArray(child.hasSynonym) && child.hasSynonym.some(syn => Array.isArray(syn.identifiersOther) && syn.identifiersOther.some(id => id && ["ipni", "tropicos"].includes(id.kind) ) ); return hasMain || hasSyn; }); } } }) ;