The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews

This dissertation examines contact innovations in the coterritorial Polish and Belarusian dialects of the Polish-Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands in the light of proposals by van Coetsem (1988, 1995, 1997), Thomason and Kaufman (1988) and Thomason (1998) concerning the typology of linguistic transfer in language contact. These authors argue that in place of Weinreich's (1953) generalized notion of "interference," it is necessary to draw a distinction between two different processes whereby linguistic material is transferred between languages in contact: 1) borrowing, the transfer of foreign features into a language by native speakers of that language ("recipient language agentivity," in van Coetsem's terminology); and 2) interference/ imposition through language shift ("source language agentivity"), which involves the transfer of features into a language by non-native speakers. Crucially, van Coetsem and Thomason and Kaufman assert, the two transfer types are associated with distinct patterns of innovation affecting different levels of linguistic structure. Thus, borrowing will tend to affect the least stable linguistic domains (primarily the lexicon), while interference/imposition will initially affect the more stable domains, such as phonological rules, syntactic structure, and inflectional morphology (the latter primarily via simplification). A blurring of the distinction between the two transfer types occurs only in the case of "neutralization" (van Coetsem 1997), which typically occurs when a bilingual community undergoes a shift in linguistic dominance (as reflected, for example, in what Myers-Scotton (1998) calls "matrix language turnover"), resulting in imposition-like phenomena in the community's increasingly obsolescent or functionally restricted original language. On the basis of a comparative analysis of previously published dialect data, as well as my own field recordings from the Polish-Belarusian-Lithuanian border region, in this study I provide evidence that the distinction between the two transfer types is applicable not only in the case of genetically and typologically divergent systems, but also, to a large extent, in the case of contact between closely-related language varieties such as dialects of Belarusian and Polish. Thus, we find that Polish influence in the majority of the Belarusian dialects of the region is mainly limited to the lexicon, derivational morphology and certain lexically-based syntactic phenomena such as verbal and prepositional case government, while the Polish dialects which arose on a Belarusian or mixed Lithuanian-Belarusian substratum exhibit far more profound structural modifications, including freer stress, vowel reduction, the absence of clitic pronouns and of personal inflection in the past tense, copula deletion, and other phonological, morphological and syntactic features typically associated with East Slavic. The linguistic evidence for two distinct types of transfer in the evolution of these dialects is supported by the socio-cultural history of the Polish-Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands, which suggests that the predominant source of Polish influence in the Belarusian dialects of the region was borrowing by native speakers of Belarusian, while the Polish folk dialects of the northern borderlands arose largely through shift by speakers of Belarusian and/or Lithuanian dialects to a regional Polish interdialect rather than as the result of large-scale migrations from the original Polish ethnolinguistic territory. These findings support the thesis that in language contact it is not, as Jakobson and others have argued, the inherent "developmental tendencies" of the systems involved which primarily determine the linguistic outcomes, but rather the types of linguistic transfer (borrowing vs. interference/imposition). The two transfer types are, in turn, a result of the interplay of linguistic, social and psychological factors, including social dominance (the relative prestige of the language varieties in contact), functional dominance (the relative frequency and domains of their use), and psycholinguistic dominance (i.e. which of the varieties is acquired earlier and is the matrix language in conversational code-switching). In addition to providing empirical corroboration for theories of contact-induced language change which differentiate between the linguistic consequences of borrowing under conditions of language maintenance and interference/imposition through language shift, this study offers valuable insights concerning the mechanisms and typology of linguistic transfer in contact situations involving closely-related language varieties as opposed to linguistically more divergent systems. The discussion of cognate languages draws upon research in the field of dialect contact (Trudgill 1986, Kerswill 1994), focusing on the question of the types of linguistic knowledge L2 learners of closely-related languages rely on in the process of language acquisition, and how these processes resemble or differ from acquisition of more distantly related or unrelated languages. Of particular theoretical importance is the evidence concerning rule typology and the potential for transfer via imposition in cognate language contact, which provides support for approaches such as Natural Phonology (Stampe 1969, Donegan and Stampe 1979), while refuting a number of predictions made by scholars working within the framework of Lexical Phonology and related approaches.

2006

2006

The work described in this dissertation is a study of the relationship between structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of ultrathin films of 3d- transition metals grown epitaxially on Cu substrate. The two systems that we have studied are films of fcc-Co on Cu(001) and Cu(111) and Fe and oxidized Fe films on Cu(001). Both systems are either employed or have potential applications in the data storage industry. In order to provide information on the inter-relationship between the electronic structure and magnetic properties, we present results of magnetic dichroism observed in photoemission from the valence-bands and the shallow 3p core levels of ultrathin films grown on Cu. We have used both linearly and circularly polarized light from the Center for Advanced Microstrucutres and Devices (CAMD) synchrotron source and observe the angular distributions of the photoemitted electrons using a display type analyzer. Magnetic Circular Dichroism (MCD) and Magnetic Linear Dichroism (ML...

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