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The Northern Black Polished Ware Culture Of Middle Ganga Plain: Recent Perspective

2014, Manaviki

Abstract

The Middle Ganga Plain stretches for about 300 km. from the Himalayan foothills in the north and Vindhyan ranges in the south. It attained its present form during the post-Tertiary period when this deep trough was filled up by fine alluvium brought down from the Himalayas in the north with an average thickness of 1300-1400 meters (Singh, 1971). The general conception of the rise of culture in Middle Ganga Plain is Hunting Gatherer (Mesolithic or Food Collectors) then the Early Food Producing or settling permanently in the region (Neolithic). The Iron Age or Late Farming Communities in India denotes the period between the first general appearance of Iron as smelted metal and beginning of Early Historic Period. The chronology of the iron is different in different geographical zones. In context of Middle Ganga Plain, it has a time bracket between early part of second millennium BCE and late part of first millennium BCE. In middle of this time bracket NBPW emerges which was earlier considered as the diagnostic pottery type when it was dated around 600 BCE. Still many of the scholar believes on the above facts as numbers of the sites having NBPW has the same dates but with new researches done in last decade of the 20 th century new facts has come out. With excavation of Ayodhya in Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh first time earliest dates appeared as 1000 BCE as it was a controversial site many questions arises but after the appearance of other dates the NBPW of Ayodhya got well support. Northern Black Polished Ware was discovered at Sarnath in excavation in 1904-05, followed by excavation at Bhita and was described-1) and assigned a date of 8 th century BCE on the basis of the excavated remains. It was criticized by Codrington on the ground that unscientific method of digging was employed at the site and such an early date is not possible for NBPW (1929, 101) while in the lower levels of Bhir mound Taxila, Marshall reported it as Greek Black Ware and dated to 4 th century BCE which was supposed to be imported or local, but it was Krishna Deva and Mortimer Wheeler who coined t Northern Black Painted Wares can be called as best creation of Pottery of ancient India. This pottery is made onfast turned wheel. This is very thin, made of well fine lavigated clay, well fired and possessing metallic sound and is very lustrous. The color of this pottery is generally black (jet-black, bluish black and black) some other shades in deep blue, golden, silvery, brown,chocolate, violet, deep red and sun bright colored potteries are also found. NBP sherds are not painted generally but some painted sherds are also found. Paintings on them are done by some colored dark pigment. Painted motifs are generally geometric in pattern but some birds and floral designs are also reported. Some exclusive potsherds are having stamped decoration. The important shapes are Bowls, Dishes, Vases and Jars. This pottery can be divided into Monochrome and Bi-chrome. There are numbers of works available for study but still the technical part of this ware is unsolved and this fact made this pottery unique. Actually this pottery gains so much notable fact about the NBPW is its availability or quantity on a site. It only contributes

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