Halite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by George Frederick Huggins
About Halite
Formula:
NaCl
Colour:
Colourless, whitish, yellow, red, purple or blue
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
2Β½
Specific Gravity:
2.168
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
From the Greek άλΟ, sea, for halites, later modified by J.D. Dana to halite.
Natural sodium chloride (also named rocksalt; water-soluble). Occurs both as evaporite deposits in saline lakes and watercourses, or as bedded sedimentary deposits, or as salt domes.
Experimental volcanic gas condensation by Africano et al. (2002) shown halite to be the predominant sublimate in the 450-550oC range.
Recent studies show nanosized halite to be the second phase after aragonite that may primarily be deposited in a coral skeleton (Motai et al., 2016).
Acording to Calas et al. (2021) the blue colour comes from metal Na nanoparticles, 2.5β3 nm in diameter. Similar nanoparticles impart red colour to villiaumite.
Experimental volcanic gas condensation by Africano et al. (2002) shown halite to be the predominant sublimate in the 450-550oC range.
Recent studies show nanosized halite to be the second phase after aragonite that may primarily be deposited in a coral skeleton (Motai et al., 2016).
Acording to Calas et al. (2021) the blue colour comes from metal Na nanoparticles, 2.5β3 nm in diameter. Similar nanoparticles impart red colour to villiaumite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1804
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1804:9
IMA Classification of Halite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Halite
3.AA.20
3 : HALIDES
A : Simple halides, without H2O
A : M:X = 1:1, 2:3, 3:5, etc.
3 : HALIDES
A : Simple halides, without H2O
A : M:X = 1:1, 2:3, 3:5, etc.
9.1.1.1
9 : NORMAL HALIDES
1 : AX
9 : NORMAL HALIDES
1 : AX
8.1.3
8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
1 : Halides of the alkali metals and ammonium
8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
1 : Halides of the alkali metals and ammonium
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Hl | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Hl | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277β279. |
Hl | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Hl | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185β187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Hl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Hl | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261β264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Halite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless, whitish, yellow, red, purple or blue
Comment:
Calas, G., Galoisy, L., & Geisler, A. (2021). Sodium nanoparticles in alkali halide minerals: Why is villiaumite red and halite blue?. American Mineralogist: Journal of Earth and Planetary Materials, 106(5), 838-842.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2Β½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {001}
On {001}
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
2.168 g/cm3 (Measured) Β Β Β 2.165 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Halite
Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
n = 1.5443
Birefringence:
Isotropic minerals have no birefringence
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
Moderately strong
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
The pleochroism is sometimes developed in coloured material after being subjected to pressure.
Comments:
Weakly anisotropic due to stress.
Chemistry of Halite
Mindat Formula:
NaCl
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
I,Br,Fe,O
Crystallography of Halite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fm3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.6404(1) β«
Unit Cell V:
179.44 Γ
Β³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Normally cubic, rarely octahedral. Crystal faces often cavernous and stepped (hopper crystals). Massive. Coarsely granular to compact; columnar, stalactitic or capillary forms rare.
Twinning:
On {111} (artificial crystals).
Crystallographic forms of Halite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000641 | Halite | Finger L W, King H E (1978) A revised method of operation of the single-crystal diamond cell and refinement of the structure of NaCl at 32 kbar American Mineralogist 63 337-342 | ![]() | 1978 | 0 | 293 | |
0003397 | Halite | Walker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-210 | ![]() | 2004 | 0 | 298 | |
0003398 | Halite | Walker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-210 | ![]() | 2004 | 0 | 373 | |
0003399 | Halite | Walker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-210 | ![]() | 2004 | 0 | 473 | |
0003400 | Halite | Walker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-210 | ![]() | 2004 | 0 | 573 | |
0003401 | Halite | Walker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-210 | ![]() | 2004 | 0 | 673 | |
0003402 | Halite | Walker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-210 | ![]() | 2004 | 0 | 773 | |
0003403 | Halite | Walker D, Verma P K, Cranswick L M D, Jones R L, Clark S M, Buhre S (2004) Halite-sylvite thermoelasticity American Mineralogist 89 204-210 | ![]() | 2004 | 0 | 873 | |
0007951 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007952 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007953 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007954 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007955 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007956 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007957 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007958 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007959 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007960 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007961 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007962 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007963 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007964 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007965 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007966 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007967 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007968 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007969 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0007970 | Halite | Wang K, Reeber R R (1996) Thermal expansion of alkali halides at high pressure: NaCl as an example Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23 354-360 | 1996 | 0 | 293 | ||
0009295 | Halite | Abrahams S, Bernstein J (1965) Accuracy of an automatic diffractometer. Measurement of the sodium chloride structure factors _cod_database_code 1000041 Acta Crystallographica 18 926-932 | ![]() | 1965 | 0 | 293 | |
0011356 | Halite | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York rocksalt structure Crystal Structures 1 85-237 | 1963 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.821 Γ | (100) |
1.994 Γ | (55) |
1.628 Γ | (15) |
3.258 Γ | (13) |
1.261 Γ | (11) |
1.1515 Γ | (7) |
1.410 Γ | (6) |
Comments:
Synthetic.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
Near-surface Processes | |
21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) | |
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) | |
55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals | |
57 : Other minerals formed by human processes |
Geological Setting:
Sedimentary evaporite deposits. In fluid inclusions. As a fumarole product.
Synonyms of Halite
Other Language Names for Halite
Basque:Halita
Catalan:Halita
Czech:Halit
Dutch:Haliet
Estonian:Haliit
Hebrew:ΧΧΧΧ
Japanese:岩呩
Lithuanian:Halitas
Low Saxon/Low German:Halit
Norwegian:Halitt
Polish:Halit
Portuguese:Halita
Romanian:Sare gemΔ
Russian:ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ
Slovak:Halit
Spanish:Halita
Alita
Sal gema
Sal marina
Alita
Sal gema
Sal marina
Telugu:ΰ°°ΰ°Ύΰ°€ΰ°Ώ ΰ°ΰ°ͺΰ±ΰ°ͺΰ±
Traditional Chinese:η³ιΉ½
Ukrainian:ΠΠ°Π»ΡΡ
Varieties of Halite
Huantajayite | A supposed argentian halite which leaves a milky-white suspension of AgCl when dissolved in water. |
Relationship of Halite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Halite Group:
Carobbiite | KF | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
Griceite | LiF | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
Sylvite | KCl | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
Villiaumite | NaF | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
158 photos of Halite associated with Sylvite | KCl |
156 photos of Halite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 Β· 2H2O |
74 photos of Halite associated with Shale | |
68 photos of Halite associated with Selenite | CaSO4 Β· 2H2O |
67 photos of Halite associated with Trona | Na3H(CO3)2 Β· 2H2O |
65 photos of Halite associated with Tolbachite | CuCl2 |
35 photos of Halite associated with Leonite | K2Mg(SO4)2 Β· 4H2O |
29 photos of Halite associated with Iron-bearing Boracite | (Mg,Fe)3(B7O13)Cl |
28 photos of Halite associated with Nahcolite | NaHCO3 |
27 photos of Halite associated with ThΓ©nardite | Na2SO4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
3.AA. | Brontesite | (NH4)3PbCl5 |
3.AA.05 | Marshite | CuI |
3.AA.05 | Nantokite | CuCl |
3.AA.05 | UM1999-11:I:CuS | Cu(I,S) |
3.AA.05 | Miersite | (Ag,Cu)I |
3.AA.10 | Tocornalite | (Ag,Hg)I (?) |
3.AA.10 | Iodargyrite | AgI |
3.AA.15 | Bromargyrite | AgBr |
3.AA.15 | Chlorargyrite | AgCl |
3.AA.20 | Sylvite | KCl |
3.AA.20 | Villiaumite | NaF |
3.AA.20 | Carobbiite | KF |
3.AA.20 | Griceite | LiF |
3.AA.25 | UM1998-03-Cl:Tl | TlCl |
3.AA.25 | Nataliyamalikite | TlI |
3.AA.25 | Lafossaite | Tl(Cl,Br) |
3.AA.25 | Salammoniac | NH4Cl |
3.AA.30 | Calomel | [Hg2]2+Cl2 |
3.AA.30 | Moschelite | [Hg2]2+I2 |
3.AA.30 | Kuzminite | [Hg2]2+(Br,Cl)2 |
3.AA.35 | Neighborite | NaMgF3 |
3.AA.35 | Parascandolaite | KMgF3 |
3.AA.40 | Javorieite | KFeCl3 |
3.AA.40 | Chlorocalcite | KCaCl3 |
3.AA.45 | Kolarite | PbTeCl2 |
3.AA.50 | Radhakrishnaite | PbTe3(Cl,S)2 |
3.AA.55 | Challacolloite | KPb2Cl5 |
3.AA.60 | Hephaistosite | TlPb2Cl5 |
3.AA.90 | Pseudocotunnite | K2PbCl4 |
Fluorescence of Halite
Red (SW UV)[Searles Lake, CA]. Orange (SW) [Poland]
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Melts at 804Β°C.
Notes:
Easily soluble in water.
Special Storage/
Display Requirements:
Display Requirements:
Avoid humid environments.
Health Risks:
Licking or ingesting raw halite in the "wild" could cause health problems due to unidentified admixed substances (such as alkaline compounds).
Industrial Uses:
Edible salt, chlorine production
Halite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Halite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1804.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Halite
Reference List:
Africano, F., Van Rompaey, G., Bernard, A., Le Guern, F (2002) Deposition of trace elements from high temperature gases of Satsuma-Iwojima volcano. Earth Planets and Space, 54 (3). 275-286 doi:10.1186/BF03353027
Localities for Halite
Locality List
`.trim(); const m = L.marker([+v.lat, +v.lng], { icon: gvpVolcanoIcon }); m.bindPopup(popup, { maxWidth: 320 }); m.vnum = id; s.gvpIndex[id] = true; s.gvpCluster.addLayer(m); }); } catch (e) { console.warn('GVP local fetch failed', e); } finally { s.gvpLoading = false; } } // --- Refresh handler (add/remove by zoom, fetch by bbox) --- const GVP_MIN_ZOOM = 5; function gvpRefresh(mapid) { const map = l_mcd[mapid].map; if (!map) return; const z = map.getZoom(); const grp = l_mcd[mapid].gvp; // Only do work if the overlay is actually enabled if (!map.hasLayer(grp)) return; // If user zooms out too far, hide (and stop) if (z < GVP_MIN_ZOOM) { map.removeLayer(grp); return; } // Fetch only when we have new territory to cover const b = gvpActiveBounds(mapid); const bbox = gvpBboxFromBounds(b); const padded = gvpExpandBbox(bbox, 0.25); if (!l_mcd[mapid].gvpLastBbox || !gvpWithin(bbox, l_mcd[mapid].gvpLastBbox)) { l_mcd[mapid].gvpLastBbox = padded; gvpFetchVolcanoes(mapid, padded); } } function get_src_parent(src_type) { switch(src_type) { case 3: case 4: case 2: return(2); break; case 21: case 41: case 44: case 51: case 52: case 53: case 54: case 56: case 57: case 58: case 59: case 60: case 62: case 63: case 65: case 66: case 67: case 69: case 70: case 71: case 72: case 73: case 74: case 77: case 78: case 83: case 84: case 85: case 264: case 265: case 268: case 279: case 280: case 281: case 286: case 296: case 311: case 322: case 330: case 333: case 340: case 353: case 361: case 370: case 377: case 381: case 391: case 393: case 394: case 422: case 423: case 429: case 430: case 463: case 467: case 469: case 476: case 481: case 498: case 518: case 534: case 541: case 544: case 555: case 577: case 591: case 593: case 595: case 614: case 50: return(50); break; case 90: case 91: case 92: case 93: case 94: case 95: case 96: case 97: case 98: case 99: case 100: case 101: case 102: case 356: case 372: case 89: return(89); break; case 104: case 105: case 106: case 107: case 108: case 109: case 110: case 111: case 112: case 113: case 114: case 115: case 116: case 117: case 118: case 119: case 120: case 121: case 122: case 123: case 124: case 125: case 126: case 127: case 128: case 129: case 130: case 131: case 132: case 133: case 134: case 135: case 136: case 137: case 138: case 139: case 140: case 141: case 142: case 143: case 144: case 145: case 146: case 147: case 148: case 149: case 150: case 151: case 152: case 153: case 154: case 155: case 156: case 157: case 158: case 159: case 252: case 256: case 263: case 355: case 357: case 369: case 387: case 388: case 389: case 390: case 392: case 400: case 401: case 402: case 404: case 405: case 406: case 407: case 408: case 409: case 412: case 413: case 414: case 415: case 416: case 419: case 420: case 421: case 424: case 425: case 427: case 428: case 437: case 439: case 442: case 443: case 444: case 449: case 452: case 455: case 456: case 457: case 459: case 460: case 462: case 470: case 471: case 472: case 473: case 474: case 477: case 478: case 479: case 480: case 490: case 491: case 492: case 493: case 495: case 496: case 497: case 499: case 500: case 501: case 502: case 503: case 505: case 506: case 507: case 508: case 509: case 511: case 512: case 516: case 517: case 519: case 520: case 521: case 522: case 523: case 524: case 525: case 528: case 529: case 530: case 533: case 535: case 545: case 549: case 550: case 552: case 556: case 559: case 560: case 561: case 562: case 563: case 564: case 565: case 568: case 570: case 582: case 583: case 584: case 585: case 590: case 594: case 596: case 597: case 598: case 599: case 600: case 613: case 616: case 624: case 625: case 626: case 627: case 649: case 651: case 103: return(103); break; case 161: case 162: case 163: case 164: case 165: case 166: case 167: case 168: case 169: case 170: case 171: case 172: case 173: case 174: case 175: case 176: case 177: case 178: case 179: case 180: case 181: case 182: case 183: case 184: case 185: case 187: case 188: case 189: case 190: case 191: case 192: case 194: case 195: case 196: case 197: case 198: case 199: case 200: case 201: case 202: case 203: case 204: case 205: case 206: case 207: case 208: case 209: case 210: case 211: case 212: case 213: case 214: case 215: case 216: case 217: case 218: case 219: case 220: case 221: case 222: case 223: case 224: case 225: case 226: case 227: case 228: case 229: case 230: case 231: case 232: case 233: case 234: case 262: case 266: case 267: case 283: case 284: case 288: case 292: case 295: case 297: case 310: case 312: case 318: case 319: case 320: case 329: case 334: case 335: case 336: case 337: case 342: case 344: case 347: case 354: case 362: case 363: case 364: case 365: case 366: case 367: case 368: case 379: case 382: case 386: case 426: case 438: case 440: case 446: case 448: case 451: case 453: case 461: case 464: case 465: case 466: case 504: case 510: case 531: case 536: case 537: case 539: case 540: case 542: case 543: case 548: case 553: case 557: case 571: case 575: case 578: case 579: case 586: case 604: case 608: case 617: case 621: case 640: case 643: case 646: case 160: return(160); break; case 23: case 236: case 237: case 238: case 239: case 240: case 241: case 242: case 243: case 244: case 432: case 433: case 434: case 454: case 532: case 558: case 576: case 580: case 588: case 618: case 235: return(235); break; case 1: case 186: case 248: case 376: case 623: case 246: return(246); break; case 250: case 251: case 253: case 254: case 255: case 257: case 258: case 259: case 325: case 331: case 332: case 339: case 343: case 395: case 435: case 436: case 441: case 450: case 458: case 513: case 514: case 515: case 566: case 567: case 569: case 601: case 602: case 619: case 249: return(249); break; case 193: case 270: case 271: case 272: case 273: case 274: case 275: case 276: case 277: case 278: case 289: case 290: case 293: case 294: case 309: case 313: case 321: case 323: case 341: case 349: case 351: case 359: case 360: case 371: case 373: case 383: case 384: case 397: case 399: case 410: case 431: case 445: case 447: case 475: case 482: case 483: case 484: case 485: case 486: case 487: case 488: case 489: case 494: case 526: case 527: case 546: case 547: case 551: case 554: case 572: case 573: case 574: case 581: case 587: case 589: case 592: case 603: case 605: case 607: case 609: case 610: case 611: case 612: case 620: case 628: case 629: case 630: case 631: case 632: case 633: case 634: case 635: case 636: case 637: case 638: case 639: case 641: case 269: return(269); break; case 299: case 300: case 301: case 302: case 303: case 304: case 305: case 306: case 307: case 308: case 380: case 385: case 468: case 538: case 606: case 615: case 622: case 298: return(298); break; default: return(0); } } function src_type_to_ordinal(src_type) { switch(src_type) { case 50: return(1); case 160: return(2); case 269: return(3); case 103: return(4); case 249: return(5); case 298: return(6); case 246: return(7); case 2: return(8); case 89: return(9); case 235: return(10); default: return(0); } } function l_setcoordsystem(mapid,csys) { if(csys!=l_mcd[mapid].coordsystem) { if( l_mcd[mapid].map) l_mcd[mapid].map.remove(); for (key in l_mcd[mapid].basemaps) { if (l_mcd[mapid].basemaps.hasOwnProperty(key)) { l_mcd[mapid].basemaps[key].remove(); } } for (key in l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps) { if (l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps.hasOwnProperty(key)) { l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps[key].remove(); } } l_mcd[mapid].coordsystem=csys; l_mcd[mapid].basemaps=[]; l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps=[]; if(l_mcd[mapid].layerctrl) { l_mcd[mapid].layerctrl.remove(); l_mcd[mapid].layerctrl=null; } if(l_mcd[mapid].scalectrl) { l_mcd[mapid].scalectrl.remove(); l_mcd[mapid].scalectrl=null; } if(l_mcd[mapid].slidey) { l_mcd[mapid].slidey.remove(); l_mcd[mapid].slidey=null; } switch(csys.toString()) { case "0": l_mcd[mapid].map=L.map(l_mcd[mapid].div, { center: [l_mcd[mapid].centerLat, l_mcd[mapid].centerLong], zoom: l_mcd[mapid].initzoom, crs: L.CRS.EPSG3857 }).addControl(new L.Control.Fullscreen()); if(l_mcd[mapid].max_zoom) l_mcd[mapid].map.options.maxZoom=l_mcd[mapid].max_zoom; l_mcd[mapid].mindatlocs= new L.featureGroup; l_mcd[mapid].paleolocs= new L.featureGroup; l_mcd[mapid].gnlocs = new L.featureGroup; l_mcd[mapid].mindattimer=0; l_mcd[mapid].paleotimer=0; l_mcd[mapid].gntimer=0; l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps={}; l_mcd[mapid].olzoom=0; // GVP volcanoes (FeatureGroup + Cluster) l_mcd[mapid].gvp = new L.featureGroup(); l_mcd[mapid].gvpCluster = L.markerClusterGroup({ maxClusterRadius: l_mcd[mapid].clusterradius || 40, spiderfyOnMaxZoom: true, showCoverageOnHover: false }); l_mcd[mapid].gvp.addLayer(l_mcd[mapid].gvpCluster); // l_mcd[mapid].featuregroup.addLayer(l_mcd[mapid].gvp); // State for fetching/deduping l_mcd[mapid].gvpIndex = {}; l_mcd[mapid].gvpLastBbox = null; l_mcd[mapid].gvpLoading = false; // Make it act like your other overlays (min/max zoom + bounds), but no slider l_mcd[mapid].gvp.noslider = 1; l_mcd[mapid].gvp.options.minZoom = 5; l_mcd[mapid].gvp.options.maxZoom = 19; l_mcd[mapid].gvp.options.bounds = [[-81, -180], [81, 180]]; // Register in overlaymaps so your existing control logic knows it exists l_mcd[mapid].basemaps= { "OpenStreetMap": L.tileLayer('https://{s}.tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', { maxZoom: 18, minZoom: 1, bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], attribution: 'Localities mindat.org, Base map Β© OpenStreetMap' }).addTo(l_mcd[mapid].map), "OpenStreetMap.de": L.tileLayer('https://{s}.tile.openstreetmap.de/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', { maxZoom: 18, minZoom: 1, bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], attribution: 'Localities mindat.org, Base map Β© OpenStreetMap' }) }; if (typeof L.gridLayer.googleMutant === "function") { l_mcd[mapid].basemaps["Google Hybrid"] = L.gridLayer.googleMutant({ bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], type: 'hybrid' // valid values are 'roadmap', 'satellite', 'terrain' and 'hybrid' }); l_mcd[mapid].basemaps["Google Satellite"] = L.gridLayer.googleMutant({ bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], type: 'satellite' // valid values are 'roadmap', 'satellite', 'terrain' and 'hybrid' }); } l_mcd[mapid].basemaps["Esri WorldTopo"] = L.tileLayer('https://server.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_Topo_Map/MapServer/tile/{z}/{y}/{x}', { bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], maxZoom: 16, attribution: 'Localities Β© mindat.org, Base map Β© Esri β Esri, DeLorme, NAVTEQ, TomTom, Intermap, iPC, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), and the GIS User Community' }); l_mcd[mapid].basemaps["Esri NatGeo"] = L.tileLayer('https://server.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/NatGeo_World_Map/MapServer/tile/{z}/{y}/{x}', { attribution: 'Localities Β© mindat.org, Base map Β© Esri β National Geographic, Esri, DeLorme, NAVTEQ, UNEP-WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, iPC', bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], maxZoom: 16 }); l_mcd[mapid].basemaps["Esri DeLorme"] = L.tileLayer('https://server.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/Specialty/DeLorme_World_Base_Map/MapServer/tile/{z}/{y}/{x}', { attribution: 'Localities Β© mindat.org, Base map Β© Esri β Copyright: Β©2012 DeLorme', minZoom: 1, bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], maxZoom: 11 }); l_mcd[mapid].basemaps["OpenTopoMap"] =L.tileLayer('https://{s}.tile.opentopomap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', { maxZoom: 17, bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], attribution: 'Localities Β© mindat.org, Base map data: Β© OpenStreetMap contributors, SRTM | Map style: Β© OpenTopoMap (CC-BY-SA)' }); l_mcd[mapid].basemaps["Esri OceanBasemap"] = L.tileLayer('https://server.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/Ocean_Basemap/MapServer/tile/{z}/{y}/{x}', { attribution: 'Tiles Β© Esri β Sources: GEBCO, NOAA, CHS, OSU, UNH, CSUMB, National Geographic, DeLorme, NAVTEQ, and Esri', bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], maxZoom: 13 }); l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps["GeoportailFrance Satellite"] = L.tileLayer('https://wxs.ign.fr/{apikey}/geoportail/wmts?REQUEST=GetTile&SERVICE=WMTS&VERSION=1.0.0&STYLE={style}&TILEMATRIXSET=PM&FORMAT={format}&LAYER=ORTHOIMAGERY.ORTHOPHOTOS&TILEMATRIX={z}&TILEROW={y}&TILECOL={x}', { attribution: 'Localities Β© mindat.org, Base map Geoportail France', bounds: [[-75, -180], [81, 180]], minZoom: 4, maxZoom: 19, apikey: 'choisirgeoportail', format: 'image/jpeg', style: 'normal' }); l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps[ "Esri Satellite"]= L.tileLayer('https://server.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_Imagery/MapServer/tile/{z}/{y}/{x}', { minZoom: 1, maxZoom: 19, bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], attribution: 'Localities Β© mindat.org, Base map Β© Esri β Source: Esri, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, GeoEye, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, UPR-EGP, and the GIS User Community' }); l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps["Esri Historic"] = L.esri.tiledMapLayer({ minZoom: 8, maxZoom: 19, bounds: [[18.91619, -171.791110603 ], [71.3577635769, -66.96466 ]], url: 'https://services.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/USA_Topo_Maps/MapServer' }); l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps["USGS Topo"] = L.tileLayer('https://basemap.nationalmap.gov/ArcGIS/rest/services/USGSTopo/MapServer/tile/{z}/{y}/{x}', { bounds: [[18.91619, -171.791110603 ], [71.3577635769, -66.96466 ]], maxZoom: 14, attribution: 'Localities Β© mindat.org, Base map U.S. Department of the Interior | U.S. Geological Survey | Policies' }); l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps['FreeMapSK'] = L.tileLayer('https://{s}.freemap.sk/T/{z}/{x}/{y}.jpeg', { minZoom: 8, maxZoom: 16, subdomains: 'abcd', bounds: [[47.204642, 15.996093], [49.830896, 22.576904]], attribution: 'Β© OpenStreetMap contributors, vizualization CC-By-SA 2.0 Freemap.sk' }); l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps['BasemapAT Grau'] = L.tileLayer('https://mapsneu.wien.gv.at/basemap/bmapgrau/{type}/google3857/{z}/{y}/{x}.{format}', { maxZoom: 19, minZoom: 6, attribution: 'Datenquelle: basemap.at', // subdomains: ["", "1", "2", "3", "4"], type: 'normal', format: 'png', bounds: [[46.35877, 8.782379], [49.037872, 17.189532]] }); l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps['HikeBike HillShading'] = L.tileLayer('https://tiles.wmflabs.org/hillshading/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', { minZoom: 5, maxZoom: 15, bounds: [[0, -180], [66, 90]], attribution: 'Β© OpenStreetMap contributors' }); l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps['NASA GIBS EarthAtNight'] = L.tileLayer('https://map1.vis.earthdata.nasa.gov/wmts-webmerc/VIIRS_CityLights_2012/default/{time}/{tilematrixset}{maxZoom}/{z}/{y}/{x}.{format}', { attribution: 'Imagery provided by services from the Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), operated by the NASA/GSFC/Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) with funding provided by NASA/HQ.', bounds: [[-85.0511287776, -179.999999975], [85.0511287776, 179.999999975]], minZoom: 1, maxZoom: 8, format: 'jpg', time: '', tilematrixset: 'GoogleMapsCompatible_Level' }); l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps['Ordnance Survey (UK)']= L.tileLayer('https://os.openstreetmap.org/sv/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', { attribution: 'Localities Β© mindat.org, Base map Ordnance Survey data Β© Crown copyright and database right 2016', bounds: [[49.6, -12], [61.7, 3]], minZoom: 5, maxZoom: 18 }); l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps["NLS Historic"]= L.tileLayer('https://nls-{s}.tileserver.com/nls/{z}/{x}/{y}.jpg', { attribution: 'Localities Β© mindat.org, Base map National Library of Scotland Historic Maps', bounds: [[49.6, -12], [61.7, 3]], minZoom: 5, maxZoom: 18, subdomains: '0123' }); l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps["Macrostrat Geology"] = macroslayer=L.tileLayer('https://macrostrat.org/api/v2/maps/burwell/emphasized/{z}/{x}/{y}/tile.png', { maxZoom: 19, bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], attribution: 'Macrostrat' }); l_mcd[mapid].gnlocs.noslider=1; l_mcd[mapid].gnlocs.options.minZoom=11; l_mcd[mapid].gnlocs.options.maxZoom=19; l_mcd[mapid].gnlocs.options.bounds= [[-81, -180], [81, 180]]; l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps["GeoNames"]=l_mcd[mapid].gnlocs; l_mcd[mapid].mindatlocs.noslider=1; l_mcd[mapid].mindatlocs.options.minZoom=8; l_mcd[mapid].mindatlocs.options.maxZoom=19; l_mcd[mapid].mindatlocs.options.bounds= [[-81, -180], [81, 180]]; l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps["Mindat.org Localities"]=l_mcd[mapid].mindatlocs; l_mcd[mapid].paleolocs.noslider=1; l_mcd[mapid].paleolocs.options.minZoom=8; l_mcd[mapid].paleolocs.options.maxZoom=19; l_mcd[mapid].paleolocs.options.bounds= [[-81, -180], [81, 180]]; l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps["PBDB Localities"]=l_mcd[mapid].paleolocs; l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps["GVP Volcanoes"] = l_mcd[mapid].gvp; break; case "1": l_mcd[mapid].map=L.map(l_mcd[mapid].div, { center: [l_mcd[mapid].centerLat, l_mcd[mapid].centerLong], zoom: l_mcd[mapid].initzoom, crs: L.extend({}, L.CRS.EPSG3857, {R: 1737000}) }).addControl(new L.Control.Fullscreen()); l_mcd[mapid].basemaps= { "Moon": L.tileLayer('https://cartocdn-gusc.global.ssl.fastly.net/opmbuilder/api/v1/map/named/opm-moon-basemap-v0-1/all/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', { attribution: 'Localities Β© mindat.org, Base map openplanetary.org', minZoom: 1, maxZoom: 8, zoom: 3, bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], tms: false }).addTo(l_mcd[mapid].map).setZIndex(0), "Hillshaded Albedo": L.tileLayer('https://s3.amazonaws.com/opmbuilder/301_moon/tiles/w/hillshaded-albedo/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', { maxZoom: 6, minZoom: 1, zoom: 3, bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], tms: true, attribution: 'Localities Β© mindat.org, Base map openplanetary.org' }).setZIndex(0) }; break; case "2": l_mcd[mapid].map=L.map(l_mcd[mapid].div, { center: [l_mcd[mapid].centerLat, l_mcd[mapid].centerLong], zoom: l_mcd[mapid].initzoom, crs: L.extend({}, L.CRS.EPSG3857, {R: 3389500}) }).addControl(new L.Control.Fullscreen()); l_mcd[mapid].basemaps= { "Mars": L.tileLayer('https://cartocdn-gusc.global.ssl.fastly.net/opmbuilder/api/v1/map/named/opm-mars-basemap-v0-2/all/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', { attribution: 'Localities Β© mindat.org, Base map openplanetary.org', minZoom: 1, maxZoom: 7, zoom: 3, bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], tms: false }).addTo(l_mcd[mapid].map).setZIndex(0), "Shaded Surface": L.tileLayer('http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/whereonmars.cartodb.net/celestia_mars-shaded-16k_global/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', { maxZoom: 5, minZoom: 1, zoom: 3, bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], tms: true, attribution: 'Localities Β© mindat.org, Base map openplanetary.org' }).setZIndex(0), "MOLA Elevation": L.tileLayer('http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/whereonmars.cartodb.net/mola-gray/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', { maxZoom: 5, minZoom: 1, zoom: 3, bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], tms: true, attribution: 'Localities Β© mindat.org, Base map openplanetary.org' }).setZIndex(0) }; l_mcd[mapid].overlaymaps={ "MOLA Colour": L.tileLayer('http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/whereonmars.cartodb.net/mola_color-noshade_global/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', { maxZoom: 5, minZoom: 1, zoom: 3, bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], tms: true }).setZIndex(0) }; break; case "5": l_mcd[mapid].map=L.map(l_mcd[mapid].div, { center: [l_mcd[mapid].centerLat, l_mcd[mapid].centerLong], zoom: l_mcd[mapid].initzoom, crs: L.extend({}, L.CRS.EPSG3857, {R: 6051800}) }).addControl(new L.Control.Fullscreen()); l_mcd[mapid].basemaps= { "Venus": L.tileLayer('/venus5/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', { minZoom: 1, maxZoom: 3, bounds: [[-81, -180], [81, 180]], attribution: 'Localities Β© mindat.org, Base map Daniel MachΓ‘Δek' }).addTo(l_mcd[mapid].map).setZIndex(0) }; break; default: $("#"+l_mcd[mapid].div).hide(); break; } addctrlayer(mapid); l_mcd[mapid].map.on('zoomend', function() { movefinished(mapid); }); l_mcd[mapid].map.on('dragend', function() { movefinished(mapid); }); // l_mcd[mapid]._resetView(l_mcd[mapid].getCenter(), l_mcd[mapid].getZoom()); // if(csys==0) l_mcd[mapid].scalectrl=L.control.scale().addTo(l_mcd[mapid].map); l_addmarkers(mapid,csys,0); } } var l_pinImageMain = []; var l_pinImageEst = []; var l_pinImageNear = []; var l_pinImageM; var l_pinImageP; var l_pinImageF; var l_pinImageFGrey; function init_pins() { for(var i=0;i<=10;i++) { l_pinImageMain[i] = L.icon({ iconUrl: '/img/markers/p'+i+".png", iconAnchor: [12, 34], // 39 old 34 new iconSize: [25, 41] }); l_pinImageEst[i] = L.icon({ iconUrl: '/img/markers/g'+i+".png", iconAnchor: [12, 12], iconSize: [25, 41] }); l_pinImageNear[i] = L.icon({ iconUrl: '/img/markers/n'+i+".png", iconAnchor: [12, 34], // 39 old 34 new iconSize: [25, 41] }); } /* l_pinImage = L.icon({ iconUrl: '/img/hex-marker-icon.png', iconAnchor: [12, 34], // 39 old 34 new iconSize: [25, 41] }); l_pinImageGrey = L.icon({ iconUrl: '/img/hex-marker-icon-grey.png', iconAnchor: [12, 34], iconSize: [25, 41] }); l_pinImageMet = L.icon({ iconUrl: '/img/hex-marker-icon-met.png', iconAnchor: [12, 34], iconSize: [25, 41] }); l_pinImageGreyMet = L.icon({ iconUrl: '/img/hex-marker-icon-grey-met.png', iconAnchor: [12, 34], iconSize: [25, 41] }); l_pinImageRad = L.icon({ iconUrl: '/img/hex-marker-icon-rad.png', iconAnchor: [12, 12], iconSize: [25, 41] }); l_pinImageMetRad = L.icon({ iconUrl: '/img/hex-marker-icon-met-rad.png', iconAnchor: [12, 12], iconSize: [25, 41] }); l_pinImage9 = L.icon({ iconUrl: '/img/hex-marker-icon-met-rad.png', iconAnchor: [12,12], iconSize: [25, 41] }); */ l_pinImageM = L.icon({ iconUrl: '/img/markers/m.png', iconAnchor: [12,34], iconSize: [25, 41] }); l_pinImageP = L.icon({ iconUrl: '/img/markers/e.png', iconAnchor: [12,34], iconSize: [25, 41] }); l_pinImageF = L.icon({ iconUrl: '/img/markers/fp.png', iconAnchor: [12,34], iconSize: [25, 41] }); l_pinImageFGrey = L.icon({ iconUrl: '/img/markers/fn.png', iconAnchor: [12,34], iconSize: [25, 41] }); } function l_addmarkers(mapid,csys,docircle) { let q=0; if(l_mcd[mapid].pts.length) { for(i=0;iLegend (click to dismiss)











" + "



(page specific)
The small symbol inside an icon describes the class of locality listed. This can be combined with the three base icon colours (red, green, white) in any combiation.
" + "
Red icons have coordinates entered into the system directly." +
"
Green icons have coordinates estimated by the system and may also display a blue margin of error circle
around them." +
"
White icons are shown in certain pages to distinguish the locality in question from nearby localities." +
"
When multiple icons are close together they may be clustered into a group represented by a green circle, click to reveal the contents.
" +
"" + "





Name: | " + data.success.data.mapData[0].name + " |
---|---|
Lithology: | " + data.success.data.mapData[0].lith+" |
Age: | "+ from.int_name; if(to = data.success.data.mapData[0].t_int) { if(from.int_name!=to.int_name) out+=" to " + to.int_name; } out+=" ("+from.b_age+" - "; if(to) { out+= to.t_age; } else out+=from.t_age; out+=" Ma) |
Reference: | "; if(ref.url) out+=""; out+=ref.name; if(ref.ref_year) out+=" ("+ref.ref_year+") "; if(ref.ref_source) out+=", "+ref.ref_source; out+=" |




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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PCA Mine, Carlsbad Potash Mining District, Eddy County, New Mexico, USA