Further Reading

External Links

National Archives Service of Finland

Finnish Military Museum

 Finnish People’s Archive

Vapriikki Archives

Further Reading (English Language)

Below are listed the books and academic articles that were used in researching and developing Finland Divided.

General History of Finland

Burbank, Jane, Mark von Hagen, and Anatolyi Remnev, eds. Russian Empire: Space, People and Power, 1700 – 1930. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2007.

Wendy Hall, The Finns and Their Country, First Edition edition (Max Parrish, 1967).

Hillar Kallas, Finland: Creation And Construction (London: ALLEN UNWIN, 1968).

D. G. Kirby, Finland in the Twentieth Century: A History and an Interpretation (University Of Minnesota Press, 1980).

Tuomo Polvinen, Imperial Borderland Bobrikov and the Attempted Russification of Finland, 1898-1904, trans. Steven Huxley (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1995).

L. A. Puntila, Political History of Finland (London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1975).

John H. Wuorinen, A History of Finland (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1965).

History of the Finnish Civil War

Risto Alapuro, State and Revolution in Finland (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).

Pekka Kalevi Hamalainen, The Nationality Struggle between the Finns and the Swedish-Speaking Minority in Finland, 1917-1939 (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Indiana University Press, 1966).

Pekka Kalevi Hamalainen, In Time of Storm: Revolution, Civil War, and the Ethnolinguistic Issue in Finland (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984).

J. O. Hannula, Finland’s War of Independence (London: Faber & Faber Limited, 1939).

C. Jay Smith, Finland and the Russian Revolution 1917-1922 (University of Georgia Press, 1958).

Henning Sõderhjelm, The Red Insurrection in Finland in 1918: A Study Based on Documentary Evidence (Westport, Conn: Hyperion Press, 1919).

Tuomas Tepora and Aapo Roselius, eds., The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy (Leiden ; Boston: Brill Academic Pub, 2014).

Anthony F Upton, Finnish Revolution 1917-18 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1981).

Finnish Political Analyses

John H. Hodgson, Communism in Finland: A History and Interpretation (Princeton University Press, 1967).

David Kirby, “The Finnish Social Democratic Party and the Bolsheviks,” Journal of Contemporary History 11, no. 2 (January 1, 1976): 99–113.

David Kirby, “New Wine in Old Vessels? The Finnish Socialist Workers’ Party, 1919-1923,” The Slavonic and East European Review 66, no. 3 (1988): 426–45.

Maavara, Alexander. “The Finnish Battle for Identity: Finnish Socialism, Nationalism and Russian Ideological Intervention in the Finnish Civil War.” Waterloo Historical Review 8 (2016)

Jussila, Osmo, Seppo Hentilä, and Jukka Nevakivi. From Grand Duchy to a Modern State – A Political History of Finland since 1809. Translated by David Arter and Eva-Kaisa Arter. London: Hurst and Company, 1999.

L. A. Puntila, Political History of Finland (London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1975).

Norman E. Saul, “Lenin’s Decision to Seize Power: The Influence of Events in Finland,” Soviet Studies 24, no. 4 (April 1973): 491–505.

History of the Red and White Terrors

Sirkka Arosalo, “Social Conditions for Political Violence: Red and White Terror in the Finnish Civil War of 1918,” Journal of Peace Research 35, no. 2 (1998): 147–66.

Robert Gerwarth and John Horne, eds., War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War, Reprint edition (Oxford University Press, 2013).

Juha Siltala, “Dissolution and Reintegration in Finland, 1914-1932 : How Did A Disarmed Country Become Absorbed Into Brutalization?,” Journal of Baltic Studies 46, no. 1 (March 2015): 11–33.

Foreign Intervention

James Barros, The Aland Islands Question: Its Settlement by the League of Nations (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1968).

J. Hampden Jackson, “German Intervention in Finland, 1918,” The Slavonic and East European Review 18, no. 52 (1939): 93–101.

Karen Stanbridge, “Master Frames, Political Opportunities, and Self-Determination: The Åland Islands in the Post-WWI Period,” The Sociological Quarterly 43, no. 4 (2002): 527–52.

Memoirs and Biographies

Jonathan Clements, Mannerheim President, Soldier, Spy (London: Haus Publishing, 2009).

Erich Ludendorff, My War Memories 1914 – 1918, Third Edition, vol. Vol II, 2 vols. (London: Hutchinson & Co., n.d.).

Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, The Memoirs of Marshal Mannerheim, trans. Eric Lewenhaupt (London: Cassell and Company Ltd, 1953).

C. Maynard, The Murmansk Venture (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1971).

Primary Documents

David Kirby, ed., Finland and Russia 1808-1920 From Autonomy to Independence: A Selection of Documents, trans. David Kirby (London and Basingstoke: The MacMillan Press LTD, 1975).