Gullah
| Kabilu masu alaƙa | |
|---|---|
| Afirkawan Amurka da Afirkawa mazaunan Amurka |
Gullah (/ ˈɡʌlə/) ƙungiya ce ta ƙabilar Amurkawa ta Afirka, waɗanda galibi ke zaune a yankin Lowcountry na jihohin Arewacin Carolina ta Amurka, South Carolina, Georgia, da Florida a cikin filayen bakin teku da tsibiran Teku. Harshensu da al'adunsu sun kiyaye gagarumin tasiri na 'yan Afirka sakamakon keɓewar tarihi da suka yi da kuma dangantakar al'umma da tarihinta da asalinta.[1]
A tarihi, yankin Gullah ya tashi daga yankin Cape Fear da ke gabar tekun North Carolina a kudu zuwa kusa da Jacksonville a gabar tekun Florida. Mutanen Gullah da harshensu kuma ana kiransu da Geechee, wanda ana iya samo shi daga sunan kogin Ogeechee da ke kusa da Savannah, Jojiya.[2] Gullah kalma ce da tun asali aka yi amfani da ita wajen zayyana yaren creaole na Ingilishi da mutanen Gullah da Geechee ke magana. A tsawon lokaci, masu magana da shi sun yi amfani da wannan kalmar don yin nuni ga yarensu na kabilanci a matsayin al'umma. An bambanta al'ummomin Jojiya ta hanyar gano ko dai "Freshwater Geechee" ko "Gechee Gishiri", dangane da ko suna zaune a kan babban yankin ko Tsibirin Teku.[3]
Saboda wani lokaci na keɓancewa da turawa yayin da suke aikin gonaki masu yawa a yankunan karkara, ’yan Afirka, waɗanda suka zama bayi daga kabilu daban-daban na Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka, sun haɓaka al’adar ɗabi’a wadda ta kiyaye yawancin al’adunsu na harshe da al’adun Afirka daga al’ummomi daban-daban; Bugu da kari, sun sha sabon tasiri daga yankin. Bisa ga gidan yanar gizon Gullah/Geechee Nation, yawancin Gullah/Geechees suma suna da wasu zuriyar Amurkawa ko kuma ƴan asalin Amurka.[4] Mutanen Gullah suna magana da yare mai tushe na Ingilishi wanda ya ƙunshi kalmomin lamuni da yawa na Afirka kuma harsunan Afirka suka yi tasiri a cikin nahawu da tsarin jimla. Wani lokaci masana harsuna da masana ke kira "Sea Island Creole", harshen Gullah wani lokaci ana daukar ya zama kama da Bahamian Creole, Barbadian Creole, Guyanese Creole, Belizean Creole, Jamaican Patois, Trinidadian Creole, Tobagonian Creole, da Saliyon Krio na yammacin Afirka. Sana'ar Gullah, noma da al'adun kamun kifi, aqidun jama'a, kiɗa, abinci na shinkafa da al'adun ba da labari duk suna nuna tasiri mai ƙarfi daga al'adun Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka.[5]
Ilimin kalmomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Asalin kalmar Gullah za a iya gano shi da yaren Kikongo, wanda ake magana da shi a bakin kogin Kongo, wanda daga cikin yaren Gullah da bakaken fata Amurkawa ke amfani da shi a yau. Wasu malamai sun yi nuni da cewa tana iya kasancewa tare da sunan Angola, inda kakannin yawancin mutanen Gullah suka samo asali.[6]
Bayanan jigilar kayayyaki daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Charleston sun nuna cewa 'yan Angola sun kai kashi 39% na dukkan 'yan Afirka da ake bautar da su zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa.[14] Labarin Gullah Jack (wani Bawan Afirka da aka yi fataucinsa daga Angola zuwa Amurka) ya ƙara goyan bayan ka'idar cewa kalmar Gullah ta samo asali ne daga Angola.[7]
Wasu malaman kuma sun yi nuni da cewa yana iya fitowa daga sunan kabilar Gola, wata kabila ce da ke zaune a kan iyaka tsakanin Saliyo da Laberiya a yammacin Afirka, wani yanki na bautar kakannin Gullah. Masu shukar Biritaniya a cikin Caribbean da Kudancin Amurka ta Arewa suna kiran wannan yanki a matsayin "Tsarin hatsi" ko "Tsarin shinkafa"; yawancin kabilun sun fito ne daga Mandé ko Manding. Sunan "Geechee", wani sunan gama gari na mutanen Gullah, yana iya fitowa daga sunan mutanen Kissi, ƙabila ce da ke zaune a yankin kan iyaka tsakanin Saliyo, Guinea, da Laberiya.
Wata madogaran harshe ga “Gullah” ita ce kabilan Dyula na yammacin Afirka, wanda daga gare su ne Gullah na Amurka ya samo asali.[8] Wayewar Dyula tana da wani yanki mai girma wanda ya tashi daga Senegal har zuwa Mali zuwa Burkina Faso da sauran yankin Faransanci na yammacin Afirka. Waɗannan su ne manyan ƙasashe na savanna waɗanda ke da ƙarancin yawan jama'a. Harin bayi ya fi sauƙi kuma ya zama ruwan dare a nan fiye da yankunan dazuzzuka masu nau'ikan kariyar jiki. Ana kiran kalmar "Dyula" da "Gwullah" a tsakanin 'yan kabilar Akan a Ghana da Cote d'Ivoire. Hanyar farko ta ƙasar da aka kama mutanen Dyula sannan suka shiga hulɗa da bayin Turai ita ce "Grain Coast" da "Rice Coast" (Laberiya, Saliyo, Senegambia, da Guinea a halin yanzu).
Wani malami ya yi nuni da cewa sunan Gullah-Geechee shima ana iya amfani dashi daga kogin Ogeechee Tsibirin Sapelo, wurin da al'ummar Gullah ta ƙarshe na Hog Hammock, shi ma babban wurin mafaka ne ga mutanen Guale da suka tsere daga bauta a ƙasar.[9]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierra Leone-American Connection". The Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition. 2015-03-10. Retrieved 2022-06-25
- ↑ Low Country Gullah Culture, Special Resource Study: Environmental Impact Statement. National Park Service. 2003. p. 16.
- ↑ Philip Morgan (15 August 2011). African American Life in the Georgia Lowcountry: The Atlantic World and the Gullah Geechee. University of Georgia Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-8203-4274-0.
- ↑ Gullah/Geechee Nation (5 October 2017). "De Gullah/Geechee Foundation of America". Gullah/Geechee Nation. Retrieved 11 February 2025
- ↑ Low Country Gullah Culture, Special Resource Study: Environmental Impact Statement. National Park Service. 2003. pp. 50–58.
- ↑ Althea Sumpter; NGE Staff (March 31, 2006). "Geechee and Gullah Culture". Encyclopedia of Georgia. Georgia Humanities Council and the University of Georgia Press; Georgia Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ↑ Marquetta L. Goodwine (1997). "Gullah Jack". In Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. ABC-CLIO. p. 322. ISBN 978-0-87436-885-7. Some people believe the word is a shortened version of Angola. Numerous Africans brought from the area that is now the country of Angola were named Gullah to denote their origin, which is why names like Gullah Jack and Gullah Mary appear in some plantation accounts and stories.
- ↑ Conferences". Research in African Literatures. 4 (1): 62–74. 1973. ISSN 0034-5210. JSTOR 3818615.
- ↑ "The Sapelo Island Mission Period Archaeological Project | College of Arts & Sciences"