Ilimin muhalli na yawan jama'a

Ilimin muhalli na yawan jama'a
branch of ecology (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	social ecology (en)
Gudanarwan	population ecologist (en)

Taswirar yanayin yawan jama'a na asali da nau'ikan jellyfish masu mamayewa a cikin 2012 Karuwa (babban tabbaci) Karuwa (ƙananan tabbaci) mai ɗorewa / canji Ragewa      

ilimin muhalli na yawan jama'a wani bangare ne na ilimin muhalli wanda ke hulɗa da yanayin yawan jinsuna da kuma yadda waɗannan jama'a ke hulɗa tare da muhalli, kamar haihuwa da mutuwar, da kuma shige da fice da ƙaura.

Hanyar tana da mahimmanci a cikin ilmin halitta na kiyayewa, musamman a cikin ci gaban nazarin Yawan jama'a wanda ke ba da damar hango hasashen yiwuwar jinsin da ke ci gaba a cikin wani yanki na mazaunin da aka ba shi. Kodayake ilimin muhalli na yawan jama'a wani bangare ne na ilmin halitta, yana ba da matsaloli masu ban sha'awa ga masu lissafi da masu lissafi waɗanda ke aiki a cikin yawan jama'ar.

Tarihi

InA cikin shekarun 1940, an raba ilimin muhalli zuwa autecology - nazarin jinsunan mutum dangane da muhalli - da synecology - nazarin kungiyoyin jinsuna dangane da mujallar. Kalmar autecology (daga Tsohon Girkanci: αὐτο, auto, "kai"; οίκος, oíkos, "gida"; da λόγος, Logos, "sani"), yana nufin kusan wannan filin karatu kamar ra'ayoyi kamar zagaye na rayuwa da halayyar kamar daidaitawa ga muhalli ta kowane kwayoyin. Eugene Odum, a rubuce a shekara ta 1953, ya yi la'akari da cewa ya kamata a raba ilimin kimiyyar muhalli zuwa ilimin muhalli na jama'a, ilimin muhallar al'umma da ilimin muhallu na muhalli, sake sunan ilimin muhallo a matsayin 'nau'in muhalli' (Odum ya ɗauki "autecology" a matsayin kalmar archaic), don haka akwai sassa huɗu na muhallu. th.

Kalmomin

An bayyana yawan jama'a a matsayin rukuni na kwayoyin da ke hulɗa na nau'in iri ɗaya. Tsarin yawan jama'a shine yadda ake yawan yawan jama'ar. An bayyana jimlar mutane a cikin yawan jama'a a matsayin yawan jama'ar, kuma yadda aka bayyana yawan waɗannan mutane a matsayin yawan yawan jama'awa. Har ila yau, akwai yawan jama'a, wanda ke da iyakokin da jinsin zai iya jurewa (kamar zafin jiki).

Girman yawan jama'a na iya rinjayar yawan karuwar yawan jama'ar (rashin yawan jama'an da ke canzawa ga kowane mutum a cikin yawan jama'ana.) Haihuwar, mutuwar, ƙaura, da yawan shige da fice duk suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ci gaban. Matsakaicin ci gaban kowane mutum ga yawan jama'a an san shi da ƙimar ƙaruwa.

A cikin yawan jama'a, ana san ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi a matsayin matsakaicin yawan mutanen da ke cikin jinsin da muhalli zai iya kiyayewa, wanda aka ƙayyade ta hanyar albarkatun da ke akwai. A cikin samfuran yawan jama'a da yawa, ana wakiltar r a matsayin ƙimar haɓaka, inda K shine ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya, kuma N0 shine girman yawan jama'ar farko.

Kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don bayyana ƙungiyoyin halitta na mutane a cikin nazarin muhalli

Kalmar nan	Ma'anar
Yawan jinsuna	Dukkanin mutane na jinsin.
Yaduwar jama'a	Saitin yawan jama'a masu rarraba, daga cikinsu akwai wasu ƙaura.
Yawan jama'a	Wani rukuni na mutane masu kama da juna waɗanda ke da yawan jama'a, kwayar halitta, ko kuma sararin samaniya daga wasu kungiyoyin mutane.
Haɗuwa	Ƙungiya mai ɗorewa a sararin samaniya.
Deme	Wani rukuni na mutane da suka fi kama da juna fiye da sauran mutane, yawanci tare da wasu digiri na warewa.
Jama'ar yankin	Wani rukuni na mutane a cikin wani yanki mai bincike wanda ya fi karami fiye da kewayon jinsin kuma sau da yawa a cikin yawan jama'a (kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama). Jama'ar yankin na iya zama yawan jama'a.
Ƙananan jama'a	Ƙananan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran mutane daga cikin yawan jama'a (kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama).
Shige da fice	Adadin mutanen da suka shiga cikin yawan jama'a a tsawon lokaci.
Shige da fice	Adadin mutanen da suka bar yawan jama'a a tsawon lokaci.

Yawan jama'a

Ci gaban ilimin muhalli na yawan jama'a ya dogara da tsarin lissafi da aka sani da yawan jama'ar, wanda asalinsa ya samo asali ne daga yawan jama'i a ƙarshen karni na 18 da farkon karni na 19.

An fara la'akari da farkon yawan jama'a a matsayin aikin Malthus, wanda aka tsara a matsayin Tsarin ci gaban Malthusian. A cewar Malthus, zaton cewa yanayin (yanayi) ya kasance mai ɗorewa (ceteris paribus), yawan jama'a zai girma (ko raguwa) sosai. : 18 Wannan ka'idar ta ba da tushe ga ka'idojin tsinkaya na gaba, kamar nazarin yawan jama'a kamar aikin Benjamin Gompertz da Pierre François Verhulst a farkon karni na 19, waɗanda suka inganta kuma suka daidaita tsarin yawan jama'ar Malthusian.