Mathematical Science – Contributions of Islamic Scholars to the Scientific Enterprise
by Yasmeen Mahnaz Faruqi
When one remembers the numerous scholars of Palestine, there is a significant fact that comes to mind. The fact is that Palestine has always been an integral part of the Muslim world and home to many scholars, both male and female, even after the mid-20th century. This article is written to commemorate Ibn al-Ha’im al-Maqdisi (14th/15th century), one of medieval Palestine’s notable polymath scholars who was a jurist, theologian, teacher, author, grammarian, and a mathematician. Ibn al-Ha’im took a special interest in a practical branch of mathematics that was of particular use to his contemporary society, namely successoral calculations (hisab al-fara’idh). For this reason, he was also known as Ibn al-Ha’im al-Fara’idhi.
Figure 1. Page from Sharh al-Muqni’ fi al-Jabr wa al-Muqabalah, signed Ali bin Bahay-i al-Din al-Tarsusi, Ottoman provinces, 19th century, 12ff. with 25ll. of black naskh per page, some words in red, in blue board covers, folio 21 x 16cm (Source)
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Editor’s Note: Shihāb al-Dīn Abu ‘l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad, known as Ibn al-Hā’im, was a leading Muslim authority on algebra of inheritance. He was born in Cairo in 1355, and taught at the Ṣalāḥiyya Madrasa in Jerusalem until his death in 1417. Manuscripts of his works are listed in the major bio-bibliographical sources for the history of Islamic science but these mainly, though not exclusively, list manuscripts preserved in Western libraries.[1] This article provides references to manuscripts in libraries in Arab countries. Ibn al-Ha’im is not to be confused with the geographer Muhammad ibn Ahmad Shams al-Din al-Muqaddasi, also known as Al-Maqdisi (d. circa 390/1000).
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When one remembers the numerous scholars of Palestine, there is a significant fact that comes to mind. The fact is that Palestine has always been an integral part of the Muslim world and home to many scholars, both male and female, even after the mid-20th century. This article is written to commemorate Ibn al-Ha’im al-Maqdisi, one of medieval Palestine’s notable polymath scholars who was a jurist, theologian, teacher, author, grammarian, and a mathematician. Ibn al-Ha’im took a special interest in a practical branch of mathematics that was of particular use to his contemporary society, namely successoral calculations (hisab al-fara’idh). For this reason, he was also known as Ibn al-Ha’im al-Fara’idhi.
Figure 2. Page [4v] of the book Tuḥfat al-ṭullāb fī sharḥ nuzhat al-ḥussāb تحفة الطلاب في شرح نزهة الحسّاب, written by Ibn al-Hā’im al-Maqdisī ابن الهائم المقدسي, where the Arabic numerals are displayed (Source)
One of the main primary sources on Ibn al-Ha’im is the book Al-Uns al-Jalil bi-Tarikh al-Quds wa al-Khalil (The Glorious History of Jerusalem and Hebron),[2] authored by the Palestinian scholar Mujir al-Din ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad al-‘Ulaymi al-‘Umari (d. 928/1522) and is the most extensive medieval source on Jerusalem’s history.[3] In addition, some of the information in this article relied on a master’s thesis in Arabic by Dr. Khudayr ‘Abbas al-Minshidawi.[4]
Ibn al-Ha’im al-Maqdisi (753 or 756[5]-815[6]/1352 or 1354-1412) was known as Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Imad ibn ‘Ali al-Qarafi al-Maqdisi. Despite being born in Cairo, he spent his entire adult life in Al-Quds (Jerusalem), which explains why he is referred to as al-Maqdisi (or al-Muqaddisi).[7] He died in Jerusalem at the age of 59 or 62, depending on his birth date, and was buried at Ma’man Allah (مأمن الله) cemetery.[8]
Ibn al-Ha’im was born in one of Cairo’s districts called Al-Qarafah al-Sughra in a family who were keen on seeking knowledge. As a child, he memorised the Qur’an and numerous hadiths and studied Arabic and the Islamic sciences. He also frequented the study circles of various scholars at Al-Azhar’s courtyards. He was known to be intelligent, well-mannered, and highly learned, and was often a resource for his peers who sought knowledge from him. As a young man, he migrated to Al-Quds (Jerusalem), where he continued his studies under famous scholars such as: Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (سراج الدين البُلقِيني),[9] Al-Taqi ibn al-Hatim (التقي ابن حاتم),[10] Abu al-Hasan al-Jallawi al-Maliki (أبي الحسن الجلّاوي المالكي),[11] and Al-Jamal al-Amyuti (الجمال الأميوطي).[12]
Ibn al-Ha’im was distinguished as a scholar of vast learning in various spheres of knowledge, in particular fiqh, algebra, grammar, and poetry.[13] He was particularly eloquent in his explanations, especially in simplifying scientific and mathematical problems. He earned respect from the scholars of Jerusalem and was eventually appointed as the principal of the famous Al-Salihiyah school.
Figure 3. Manuscripts in the Gazi Husrev-beg Library at Sarajevo, which is the oldest cultural institution in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and one of those manuscripts in the photo is Nuzhat al-nuzzar fi qalam al-gubar, a work on mathematics, in Arabic, written by Ibn al-Ha’im al-Maqdisi (d. 1412). (R-2440/1) (Source)
Figure 4. Front cover of Muqaddima li-tārīkh al-fikr al-‘ilmī fī al-islām (Introduction to the history of scientific thought in Islam) by Ahmad Salīm Sa‘īdān (Kuwait, 1988, ‘Ālam al-ma‘rifa, No. 131), Palestinian Historian of Arabic Mathematics
Some of his notable students include:
In honour of Ibn al-Ha’im’s legacy and prolific works, listed below are some of his notable works, which include:
1. Al-Luma’ fi al-Hisab (اللمع في الحساب): The book contains an introduction and three sections. The first is on multiplication of whole numbers by whole numbers, the second on division and the third on fractions. The book attracted the attention of many commentaries.[24]
2. Al-Hawi fi ‘Ilm al-Hisab (الحاوي في علم الحساب): It is a summary of one of Ibn al-Banna al-Marrakushi’s mathematical works, Talkhis A’mal al-Hisab. It has four sections. The first is on numbers including summation, subtraction, multiplication, division, and reparation and degradation. The third deals with the four proportional numbers, and the last section is on algebra.[25]
3. Risalah fi al-Ghirbal (رسالة في الغربال): An epistle on how to distinguish primary numbers from compound numbers. [26]
4. Ghayat al-Su’al fi al-Iqrar bi al-Dayn al-Majhul (غاية السول في الاقرار بالدَين المجهول): A short treatise of 36 sheets on various mathematical problems relating to financial calculations, including finger arithmetic and algebraic methods. Arranged in an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion. It describes twelve problems, each of which has five numerical aspects.[27]
5. Mukhtasar Wajiz fi ‘Ilm al-Hisab (مختصر وجيز في علم الحساب): A short summary in arithmetic dealing with finger calculations. It is divided into an introduction, five sections, and a conclusion.[28]
6. Miftah al-Hisab (مفتاح الحساب): This book is mentioned by Hajji Khalifah (Kâtip Çelebi) in his Kashf al-Zunun, who informs also that it has been summarised in a book entitled Asnan al-Miftah by ‘Imad al-Din Isma’il ibn Ibrahim ibn Sharaf, and it is also mentioned in Hadiyat al ‘Arifin by Isma’il al-Baghdadi.[29]
7. Murshidat al-Talib ila Asna al-Matalib (مرشدة الطالب إلى أسنى المطالب ): This is a student’s guide to learning arithmetic.[30] Ibn al-Ha’im also summarised it in a book titled Nuzhat al-Nuzzar fi Sina’at al-Ghubar about dust board calculations in which he discussed whole numbers and fractions as well as proportional numbers.[31] A commentary on this book was written, entitled Bughyat al-Raghib fi Sharh Murshidat al-Talib, [32] by ‘Abdullah Muhammad al-Shanshuri (d. 999/1590), a Shafi’i scholar who was known to be a preacher at Al-Azhar Mosque.
8. Al-Ma’unah fi ‘Ilm al-Hisab al-Hawa’i (المعونة في علم الحساب الهوائي): This book presents details on methods of finger calculations as well as other mental arithmetic issues. The manuscript is fully discussed in a thesis by Khudayr A. al-Minshidawi.[33] Ibn al-Ha’im summarised it for the lay reader in a work titled Al-Mubd’i fi Mukhtasar al-Ma’unah fi al-Hisab al-Hawa’i.[34]
He also summarised Al-Ma’unah in a book titled Al-Wasilah.[35] This summary falls into an introduction, three sections, and a conclusion. It has been edited by Ahmad Naseef al-Janabi of the Iraqi Ministry of Arts and Culture in the book series on Scientific Heritage.
Many scholars wrote commentaries on Ibn al-Ha’im’s Al-Wasilah, including that by Sibt al-Mardini entitled Irshad al-Tullab ila al-Wasilah al-Hisab. There are a number of copies of this work in Al-Azhar Library under the numbers 117/1, 34, 4376, 293, Halim 34558, and a copy in the Awqaf (Endowments) Library in Baghdad under the number 4259/7, as well as a copy in the Iraqi Museum under the number 10518, and a copy in Al-Zahiriyyah under the number 9218.[36]
9. Al-Muqni’ fi al-Jabr wa al-Muqabalah (المقنع في الجبر والمقابلة)
This is a poem in algebra comprising of 59 rhyming lines. It describes various methods of calculating the unknown, discussing numbers, roots and some algebraic problems.[37] There are several commentaries on this poem, including the commentary entitled Fath al-Mubdi’ fi Sharh al-Muqni’ by Abu Yahya Zayn al-Din Zakariya ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Ansari (d. 926/1520). [38]
Three copies of this commentary are available in the Zahiriyyah Library under the following numbers: 6008/general, 24/general, 9252/general, and in the General Endowments Library in Baghdad, numbered 550/11/Collections. There is also another commentary entitled Sharh Qasidah al-Muqni’ fi ‘Ilm al-Jabr wa al-Muqabalah by the scholar Sibt al-Mardini. A copy of this commentary is available in the Library of Dar al-Tarbiyyah al-Islamiyyah in Baghdad, numbered 162. Another is in the Zahiriyyah Library numbered 7575, and a copy is available in the Chester Beaty Library in Dublin, numbered 3849.
Ibn al-Ha’im abridged Al-Muqni’ in his Al-Mumti’ fi Sharh al-Muqni’, which he completed in the year 810/1407. There is a copy of the Mumti’ in the Zahiriyyah Library, number 24. There is a collection of copies of this text in the National Library of Algeria, numbered 597/6, 673/19, 959/12, 1474/2, 1483-1479/6, 183/14), and a unique copy in the author’s handwriting is in the Chester Beaty Library, Dublin, number 3881.
Ibn al-Ha’im also summarised the Muqni’ in another commentary he titled Al-Musri’ fi Sharh al-Muqni’, which he completed in Al-Aqsa Mosque in the year 810/1407.[39]
10. Sharh al-Urjuzah al-Yasaminiyyah fi al-Jabr wa al-Muqabalah (شرح الارجوزة الياسمينية – في الجبر والمقابلة): [40]
This is a commentary on Ibn al-Yasamin’s[41] mathematical poem on algebra and equations which included the laws and rules of algebra. Ibn al-Ha’im based his commentary on this poem on an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion, in which he discussed the meanings of the words used by the people of this terminology, explained the ways of dealing with unknown quantities, and explained the six questions. He composed it in Makkah in the year 789/1387.[42]
There are many copies of this commentary, including a copy in the Tunisian National Library under number 596,[43] and two copies in the Zahiriyyah Library, the first under number 9251 and the second under number 3084,[44] and in the Egyptian National Library there is a copy that was copied from an autograph of the author that is under number K 4313.[45]
In Türkiye, there are a number of copies, including three copies in the Topkapi Palace Library under the following numbers: EH1999, EH2004, EH288, two copies in the Laleli Library under numbers 2134 and 2738/2. A copy is preserved in the Hafid Efendi Library under number 215/2, and another in Köprülü Library under number 947.[46]
11. Ibraz al-Khafaya fi Fann al-Wasaya (ابراز الخفايا في فن الوصايا): [47]
A book on successoral calculations. Al-Dawudi mentioned in his book Tabaqat al-Mufassirin that Ibn al-Ha’im did not complete this book.[48]
12. Targhib al-Ra’idh fi ‘Ilm al-Fara’idh (ترغيب الرائض في علم الفرائض):It is a handy book on the subject of succesoral calculations.[49]
13. Al-Tuhfah al-Qudsiyyah fi Ikhtisar al-Rahbiyyah (التفحة القدسية في اختصار الرحبية): [50]
A poem on the topic of inheritance calculations, mentioned in the book Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin under the name Al-Tuhfah al-Qudsiyyah.[51] There is a copy in the library of Madrasah al-Hajjiyyat in Mosul, Iraq, number 226,[52] and a copy in the Egyptian National Library, dated 862/1457, is available under number J3964.[53]
14. Al-Fusul fi al-Fara’idh (الفصول في الفرائض): [54]
Ibn al-Ha’im arranged this treatise on inheritance into chapters that cover the principles of inheritance. There is a copy of the text in the Egyptian National Library, number B21843,[55] and a copy in the Tunisian National Library, number 1944.[56] The mathematician Muhammad Sibt al-Mardini wrote a commentary titled Sharh al-Fusul al-Muhimmah fi Mawarith al-Ummah.[57] Among other copies, we mention the manuscript held at the Egyptian National Library, scribed in the year 890/1485 from the author’s original copy, numbered B19141.[58] Abu Yahya Zayn al-Din Zakariya al-Ansari produced a commentary of it titled Ghayat al-Wusul ila Sharh al-Fusul; of which a copy is preserved in the Egyptian National Library, numbered B21264.[59]
15. Al-Kifayah fi al-Fara’idh (الكفاية في الفرائض):[60]
It is a poem on the topic of inheritance in one thousand and ninety-six verses, a copy of which is in the Egyptian National Library, number B23192,[61] and another copy in the Tunisian National Library, number 881.[62]
16. Sharh al-Kifayah fi al-Fara’idh (شرح الكفاية في الفرائض):
Shams al-Din al-Dawudi informs that Ibn al-Ha’im did not complete this book, but he was close to finishing it, as he divided it into three large parts.[63] Al-Sakhawi mentioned it in Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’.[64]
17. Al-Shubbak (Al-Munasakhat bi al-Jadwal) (الشباك ( المناسخات بالجدول)):
This is a treatise on calculating inheritance. Al-Shawkani mentioned in Al-Badr al-Tali’ that the method of Al-Munasakhat in calculating in inheritance was the popular method of his time (i.e., before 1250/1834).[65] This treatise has been given several names, the most accurate of which is perhaps the one mentioned in the Index of Arabic Manuscripts Preserved in the Public Library of Ribat al-Fath (Rabat), where it is called Al-Shubbak because the author mentions at the end of the treatise: “The introduction to Al-Shubbak is complete”.[66] There are numerous copies of this treatise, including a copy in the Iraqi Museum Library titled Malja’ al-Idhtirab with the number 4847/1,[67] and a copy in the Qadiriyyah Library in Baghdad with the number 316.[68] In the General Endowments Library in Baghdad, there is a copy titled Kayfiyat Sina’ah al-Munasakhah, numbered 2984/1/ Collections.[69] Two other copies are held in the Egyptian National Library titled respectively Sharh Jadwal al-Munasakhat, numbered 4309,[70] and Risalah fi al-Munasakhat, numbered B23196.[71] In Morocco, there is a copy in the General Library at Rabat titled Al-Shubbak, numbered D 1194/2430.[72]
18. Al-Jumal al-Wajizah fi al-Fara’idh (الجمل الوجيزة في الفرائض):[73]
This is a treatise on the subject of inheritance.
19. Sharh al-Ja’bariyyah fi al-Fara’idh (شرح الجعبرية في الفرائض):
This is a book on inheritance law. Ibn al-Ha’im referred to this book in Al-Ma’unah,[74] but he did not complete it.[75]
20. Nuzhah al-Nufus fi Bayan Hukm al-Ta’amul bi al-Fulus (نزهة النفوس في بيان حكم التعامل بالفلوس):[76]
A jurisprudential book related to financial transactions which Ibn al-Ha’im completed in the month of Dhul-Hijjah/July in the year 803/1401 in Al-Aqsa Mosque. A copy of it is in the Egyptian National Library, number 25871, copied from an autograph copy in the author’s handwriting.[77]
21. Al-Luma’ fi al-Hath ‘ala Ijtinab al-Bida’ (اللُّمع في الحث على اجتناب البدع):[78]
This is another jurisprudential book in which Ibn al-Ha’im discussed how to conduct one’s affairs with adherence to Islamic principles and avoidance of innovations.
22. Tahqiq al-Ma’qul wa al-Manqul fi Nafiy al-Hukm al-Shar’i ‘an al-Af’al qabla Ba’that al-Rasul (تحقيق المعقول والمنقول في نفي الحكم الشرعي عن الافعال قبل بعثة الرسول): [79]
This book was mentioned in Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’ and Al-Badr al-Tali’,[80] under the title Tahqiq al-Ma’qul wa al-Manqul fi Raf’ al-Hukm al-Shar’i ‘an al-Af’al qabla Ba’that al-Rasul. This book is considered one of the books of jurisprudence that address the issue of the ruling on actions that were done before the mission of the Prophet Muhammad.
23. Al-Mughrib ‘an Istihbab Rak’atayn qabl al-Maghrib (المغرب عن استحباب ركعتين قبل المغرب):[81]
A jurisprudential work mentioned in Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’. It relates to praying two rak’ahs (prostrations) before the Maghrib prayer.[82]
24. Al-Tahrir bi-Dalalah Najasat al-Khinzir (التحرير بدلالة نجاسة الخنزير): [83]
A work of jurisprudence with a particular focus on the impurity of pigs.
25. Juz’ fi Siyam Sittah Ayam min Shawwal (جزء في صيام ستة أيام من شوّال): [84]
A book of jurisprudence mentioned by Al-Sakhawi in his book Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’.[85]
26. Daf’ al-Malam ‘an al-Qa’il bi-Istihbab al-Qiyam (دفع الملام عن القائل باستحباب القيام):[86]
A work of jurisprudence related to night worship. Al-Sakhawi mentioned it in Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’ under this same title.[87]
27. Al-Tibyan fi Tafsir Gharib al-Qur’an (التبيان في تفسير غريب القرآن): [88]
It is considered one of the important books of tafsir (Qur’anic exegesis), in which Ibn al-Ha’im wrote about the interpretation of strange words in the Qur’an. This book consists of four volumes. There is a valuable copy of it in the Egyptian National Library, numbered 84 tafsir, consisting of seventy-seven sheets, each sheet divided into two parts. The copy dates from the year 1130/1717.[89]
28. Al-Barr al-‘ajjaj fi Sharh al-Minhaj (البر العجاج في شرح المنهاج):
This is a commentary on the book Al-Minhaj (the full title is Minhaj al-Talibin, Provisions for the Seekers) of the scholar Al-Nawawi.[90] It is noteworthy that Shams al-Din al-Dawudi mentioned in his book Tabaqat al-Mufassirin that Ibn al-Ha’im did not complete this book. Al-Sakhawi mentioned in Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’ that he came across an extract of Al-Minhaj in a book, and that if Ibn al-Ha’im had completed this book, it would have been close to thirty volumes.[91]
29. Tahrir al-Qawa’id al-‘Ala’iyyah wa Tamhid al-Masalik al-Fiqhiyyah (تحرير القواعد العلائية وتمهيد المسالك الفقهية):[92]
It is one of the books of jurisprudence that Ibn al-Ha’im was unable to complete.
30. Al-‘Iqd al-Nadhid fi Tahqiq Kalimat al-Tawhid (العقد النضيد في تحقيق كلمة التوحيد):[93]
Ibn al-Ha’im wrote thirty booklets in which he addressed important jurisprudential issues, that he embodied in this book.[94]
31. Al-‘Ujalah fi Hukm Istihqaq al-Fuqaha’ Ayam al-Bitalah (العجالة في حكم استحقاق الفقهاء ايام البطالة): [95]
A book of jurisprudence with a focus on the unemployment and retirement of jurists. It was mentioned in Kashf al-Zunun,[96] but the author did not complete the book.
32. Qit’ah Jayyidah min al-Tafsir (قطعة جيدة من التفسير): [97]
A partial interpretation of the Qur’an, until verse 36 of Surah Al-Baqarah (The Cow): “Then Satan caused them to slip from it (Paradise)” (Quran 2: 36).
33. Tuhfah al-Tullab fi Nazm Qawa’id al-I’rab (تحفة الطلاب في نظم قواعد الاعراب):
A text on grammatical rules. Ibn al-Ha’im said that he followed the model of Qawa’id al-I’rab by Ibn Hisham, that he explained extensively and abbreviated it in a book called Al-Qawa’id al-Hisan fima yataqawamu bihi al-Lisan, which became known as Al-Simat. He then composed it as a meemiyyah poem which numbered three hundred and fifty verses, each of which ends with the letter meem; then he composed a commentary of it; and this is Tuhfah al-Tullab fi Nazm Qawa’id al-I’rab.[98]
34. Diwan Shi’rihi (ديوان شعره):
Isma’il Pasha al-Baghdadi mentioned in Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin that Ibn al-Ha’im had a Diwan (compendium) of poetry.[99]
[1] H. Suter, Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihre Werke, Leipzig, 1900, no. 423; C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Literatur, 2 vols., Leiden, 1943-49, and supplements, 3 vols., 1937-42, II, pp. 153-155 & SII, pp. 154-155; A. Al-Azzawi, The History of Astronomy in Iraq, Baghdad, 1958, no. 10; D.A. King, A Survey of the Scientific Manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library, Winona Lake (Indiana), 1986, no. C58; and B. A. Rosenfeld & E. İhsanoğlu, Mathematicians, Astronomers and other scholars of Islamic civilisation and their works (7th-19th C.), Istanbul, 2003, no. 783.
[2] Mujir al-Din al-‘Umari, Al-Uns al-Jalil bi-Tarikh al-Quds wa al-Khalil, Egypt: Al-Matba’ah al-Wahabiyyah, 1283/1866, 2 vols.
[3] Donald P. Little, “Mujīr Al-Dīn al-ʿUlaymī’s Vision of Jerusalem in the Ninth/Fifteenth Century,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 115, no. 2 (1995): p. 237, https://doi.org/10.2307/604667. Mujir al-Din “was a native of Jerusalem, born in 860/1456 into a prominent family of noble descent, as is indicated by one of his nisbas, al-‘Umari, denoting his lineage from ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab, the caliph in whose reign the city was captured by the Muslims. This and a second nisba, the shuhra by which he is known, al-‘Ulaymi, links him to the eminent family of Hanbali scholars and judges who flourished in Jerusalem during the ninth/fifteenth century, the most prominent being Qadi l-Qudat Shams al-Din al-‘Umari al-‘Ulaymi, chief Hanbali judge of the city during 853-73/1449-69” (idem, p. 238).
[4] Khudayr ‘Abbas al-Minshidawi, Al-Ma’unah fi ‘Ilm al-Hisab al-Hawa’i li-Ibn al-Ha’im al-Maqdisi (d. 815 AH), A thesis submitted to the Center for the Revival of Arab Scientific Heritage for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad, 1982. This was later published as: Al-Ma’unah fi ‘Ilm al-Hisab al-Hawa’i li-Ibn al-Ha’im al-Maqdisi (d. 815 AH), ed. Khudayr ‘Abbas al-Minshidawi, Baghdad: Wizarat al-Thaqafah wa al-I’lam, 1988.
[5] Mujir al-Din puts two possible birth dates for Ibn al-Ha’im, 753/1352 or 756/1354. See: Mujir al-Din al-‘Umari, Al-Uns al-Jalil, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 455.
[6] There is one recorded date of death for Ibn al-Ha’im. See: Qadri Hafiz Tuqan, Turath al-‘Arab al-‘Ilmi fi al-Riyadhiyat wa al-Falak, Cairo: Matba’ah Lajnah al-Ta’lif wa al-Tarjamah wa al-Nashr, 1954, p. 390.
[7] Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Imad ibn ‘Ali al-Qarafi al-Maqdisi Abu al-‘Abbas Shihab al-Din ibn al-Ha’im, online biography database, https://tarajm.com/people/14171.
[8] Qadri Tuqan, Turath al-‘Arab al-‘Ilmi, op. cit., pp. 389-90.
[9] Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (724-805/1323-1402): ‘Umar ibn Raslan ibn Nasir al-Shafi’i al-Bulqini was a muhaddith (hadith scholar), faqih (Jurist), and mufassir (Qur’an commentator). See: Shams al-Din al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’ li-Ahl al-Qarn al-Tasi’, Beirut: Maktabat al-Hayat, vol. 6, pp. 85-90; Ibn al-‘Imad al-Hanbali, Shadharat al-Dhahab fi Akhbar man Dhahab, Egypt, 1350 H, vol. 7, pp. 51, 52.
[10] Shams al-Din al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, ed. ‘Ali Muhammad ‘Umar, Matba’at al-Istiqlal al-Kubra, 1392 /1972, vol. 1, p. 82; Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 157; Muhammad ibn ‘Ali al-Shawkani, Al-Badr al-Tali’ bi-Mahasin man ba’da al-Qarn al-Sabi’, Cairo: Matba’ah al-Sa’adah, 1348 H, vol. 1, p. 117.
[11] Abu al-Hasan al-Jallawi: Nur al-Din ‘Ali ibn ‘Abd al-Samad al-Jallawi al-Maliki al-Fara’idhi, became the head of jurisprudence, and a scholar of rhetoric, arithmetic, and engineering. He died in the year 782/1381. See: Ibn al-‘Imad, Shadharat al-Dhahab, op. cit., vol. 6, p. 276.
[12] Jamal al-Din al-Amyuti (715-790/1315-1387): Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Amyuti al-Shafi’i, a scholar in the Arabic language and fiqh (jurisprudence). See: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, Bughyat al-Wu’at fi Tabaqat al-Lughawiyin wa al-Nuhat, Cairo: Matba’ah al-Sa’adah, 1908, p. 187; Ibn Taghribirdi, Al-Manhal al-Safi wa al-Mustawfa ba’da al-Wafi, ed. Ahmad Yusuf Najati, Cairo: Dar al-Kutub, 1956, vol. 1, pp. 144-149; ‘Umar Ridha Kahhalah, Mu’jam al-Mua’llifin, Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-‘Arabi, 1987, vol. 1, p. 98.
[13] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 82; Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 157; ‘Umar Farrukh, Tarikh al-‘Ulum ‘inda al-‘Arab, Beirut: Dar al-‘Ilm lil-Malayin, 1980, p. 138.
[14] Al-Hafiz ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani (773-852/1371-1448), Ahmad ibn ‘Ali ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Ali ibn Ahmad al-‘Asqalani, Muhaddith (hadith scholar), Mu’arikh (historian), author of more than 150 works.
[15] Mujir al-Din al-‘Umari, Al-Uns al-Jalil, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 477.
[16] Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, Nazm al-‘Iqyan fi A’yan al-A’yan, ed. Philip K. Hitti, Al-Matba’ah al-Suriyyah al-Amrikiyyah, 1927, p. 99.
[17] Ahmad ibn Husayn al-Ramli (773-844/1371-1440): Shafi’i jurist born in Ramla and moved to Jerusalem when he grew up. His works include: Sharh al-Bukhari (3 vols) and Tabaqat al-Shafi’iyyah. See: Mujir al-Din al-‘Umari, Al-Uns al-Jalil, op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 514-515; Al-Shawkani, Al-Badr al-Tali’, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 49-52; Ibn al-‘Imad, Shadharat al-Dhahab, op. cit., vol. 7, p. 248; Fihris al-Kutub al-Mawjudah bi al-Maktabah al-Azhariyyah ila 1364/1945, Matba’ah al-Azhar, 1365/1946, vol. 2, p. 537.
[18] Al-Suyuti, Nazm al-‘Iqyan, op. cit., p. 135.
[19] Ibn Sharaf al-Shafi’i (782-852/1380-1448) a scholar of arithmetic and al-fara’idh (successoral calculations), born and died in Jerusalem. See: Mujir al-Din al-‘Umari, Al-Uns al-Jalil, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 521; Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 3, p. 284.
[20] Ibrahim al-Karaki (776-853/1374-1448) a scholar in the Qur’an, fiqh (jurisprudence), and the Arabic language. He was born in Al-Karak, South Jordan and died in Egypt. His works include: Madhahib al-Qurra’ al-Sab’ah (مذاهب القراء السبعة). See: Al-Suyuti, Nazm al-‘Iqyan, op. cit., pp. 29-30; Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Sakhawi, Al-Tibr al-Masbuk fi Dhayl al-Suluk, Cairo: Al-Matba’ah al-Amiriyyah, 1896, p. 273.
[21] Shams al-Din al-Bisati (760-842/1358-1438) A Maliki jurist who was born in Egypt where he studied and became a judge. He assumed the position of Qadhi (judge) in Egypt in the year 823/1420 and continued in that role until he died. His works include Al-Mughni, a book on jurisprudence and an introduction to the principles of religion. See: Al-Suyuti, Bughyat al-Wu’at, op. cit., pp. 13-4; Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 7, p. 5; Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhayl ‘ala Raf’ al-Isr, ed. Dr. Jawdat Hilal, Al-Dar al-Misriyyah li-Ta’lif wa al-Tarjamah, p. 222; Ibn al-‘Imad, Shadharat al-Dhahab, op. cit., vol. 7, p. 245.
[22] Al-Suyuti, Nazm al-‘Iqyan, op. cit., pp. 124-125.
[23] See: Ibid., pp. 90-92; Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, 249-250; Hajji Khalifah, Kashf al-Zunun ‘an Asami al-Kutub wa al-Funun, Baghdad: Maktabat al-Muthanna, p. 1109. He learnt successoral calculations, arithmetic, and other subjects from Ibn al-Ha’im. He also wrote the famous poem “Al-Murabba’ah” which he composed for Ibn al-Ha’im who praised it, in addition to the scholar Ibn Khaldun.
[24] It was printed in Bulaq printing house in Cairo in 1241/1825 under the title Matn al-Lami’. Heritage preservation centers contain numerous copies of the Al-Luma’ (للمع) manuscript, including: a copy in the General Endowments Library in Baghdad (Maktabat al-Awqaf al-‘Ammah), no. 4/5501, and three copies in the Iraqi Museum Library (Maktabat al-Mathaf al-‘Iraqi), nos. 11220/15, 11220/25, and 27433/6. In the Zahiriyyah Library in Damascus, there are six copies under the following shelfmarks: 3085/ general, 3089/ general, 5262/ general, 6666/ general, 9515/ general, 8408/ general. In Türkiye there are numerous copies, including a copy in the Arabic Department of the University of Istanbul, no. 1534. In the Central Library at the University of Benghazi (Al-Maktabat al-Markaziyyah fi Jami’ah Garyounis) – formerly Garyounis University – in Libya a copy carries the shelfmark no. 41. Al-Azhar Library contains more than ten copies of the work.
[25] The text is extant in many copies, including a copy in the Iraqi Museum Library, no. 1261/1. A second copy is deposited in the Egyptian National Library, no. 3964 C (within a collection), and a third copy in the Raghib Pasha Library in Türkiye, no. 1458.
[26] There is a manuscript copy of this treatise in the Iraqi Museum Library, no. 4437/2.
[27] In the Zahiriyyah Library there is a manuscript copy no. 3077/ general consisting of 36 pages, and it is marked as not being the original copy. In Türkiye, there are two manuscript copies, one in the Esad Effendi Library in Süleymaniye, no. 3159/1; the other is in the Raghib Pasha Library, no. 569/2. This manuscript is partly discussed in: Fu’ad ‘Awilah and Ahmad Mu’az, “Editing and Studying the First Issue of the Second Chapter of the Manuscript of “Ghayet Al-Su’al Fi Al-Iqrar Bi-Al-Dayn Al-Majhul” by Ahmad ibn Al-Ha’im,” Majallah Buhuth Jami’ah Halab–Silsilat Tarikh al-‘Ulum ‘Inda al-‘Arab, Issue 11 (2016): pp. 305-329.
[28] Khayr al-Din al-Zirikli, Al-A’lam, Beirut: Dar Sader, vol. 1, p. 217; Wilhelm Ahlwardt, Die Handschriften-verzeichnisse der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin, Berlin: A. Asher Co., 1893, p. 338.
[29] Hajji Khalifah, Kashf al-Zunun, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 1769; Isma’il Basha al-Baghdadi, Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin, Istanbul: Wikalat al-Ma’arif, 1951, vol. 1, p. 121.
[30] Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ha’im, Murshidat al-Talib ila Asna al-Matalib fi ‘Ilm al-Hisab, Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami, 1999. An original manuscript of the text is held at the University of Michigan. There are three manuscript copies in the Zahiriyyah Library, the oldest of which is a copy dated 873/1468, no. 3037/general; the other two copies are nos. 4904/ general and 4428/ general. In Türkiye, there are two handwritten copies, the first in the Shahid Ali Library in Süleymaniye, no. 2706/2, and the second in the Raghib Pasha Library in Istanbul, no. 569/3. In the Azhar Library, there are four handwritten copies, no. 4/2162, no. 51/7651, no. 330/41612, and no. 396/53660. In the Iraqi Museum Library, there is a copy no. 31565.
[31] Nuzhat al-Nuzzar fi Sina’at al-Ghubar, MS in the Library of the Iraqi Museum, no. 23144/1, page 1. There are thirteen copies in the Zahiriyyah Library, the oldest of which was copied in the year 1002/1593, with 19 pages, no. 9557. The other copies are numbered as follows: 3079, 6993, 3081, 4269, 4588, 4898, 5428, 6666, 7319, 3088, 6993, and 3089. In the Awqaf Library in Baghdad, there is a manuscript copy, no. 4/289 Collections. The Iraqi Museum Library contains a good manuscript copy, no. 23144/1. In Türkiye, there are many manuscript copies distributed among the following libraries: Laleli, Raghib Pasha, Emanet Hazinesi – in the Topkapı Sarayı Museum -, Hafid Efendi, Esad Efendi, Afyonkarahisar, Nuruosmaniye, and Istanbul University, under the following numbers respectively: 2717/1, 569/4, 1725, 455, 182, 17218, 2975, 1534. Ibn al-Ha’im’s Nuzhat al-Nuzzar was explained and abridged by many scholars, including: ‘Arafah ibn Muhammad al-Armawi (d. 931 /1524), who wrote a commentary titled Sharh Nuzhat al-Nuzzar fi Qalam al-Ghubar, and there is a handwritten copy of this book in the Iraqi Museum Library, no. 8720, and in Al-Zahiriyyah, no. 8815/ general. Another commentary was written by Abu ‘Abdillah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Yusuf, known as Ibn al-Hanbali (908-971/1502-1563), titled ‘Iddat al-Hasib wa ‘Umdat al-Muhasib. A copy of this commentary exists in Al-Zahiriyyah, no. 5132. Another commentary was written by the known mathematician Sibt al-Mardini, and there is a copy of this commentary in Al-Zahiriyyah, no. 22/ general.
[32] There are two handwritten copies of this commentary in the Zahiriyyah Library, nos. 3082/ general and 7579/ general. A copy is in the Library of the Institute of Arabic Manuscripts in Cairo, no. 1034, which is a photocopy from the Egyptian National Library.
[33] Al-Ma’unah fi ‘Ilm al-Hisab al-Hawa’i, edited by K. ‘A. al-Minshidawi, op. cit.
[34] See: https://ketabpedia.com/
[35] MS (Al-Wasilah), German version no. 5985, page 1. There is a copy in the Baghdad Endowments Library, no. 12241, and another in the National Library in Tunisia, no. 1944. A copy exists in the Zahiriyyah Library, no. 4280, and three photocopied copies in the Institute of Manuscripts in Cairo; the first (no. 145) photocopied from the Fayd Allah Library, the second (no. 146) photocopied from the Timurid Library, and the third (no. 147) photocopied from the Egyptian National Library. In Türkiye, there are a number of copies, some of which are in the following libraries: Laleli, Hassan Hosni, Atıf Efendi, Esad Efendi, and Çorlulu, under the following numbers: 2766/1, 1135, 1717, 443. In addition, there are a number of copies in Al-Azhar Library under the following numbers: -27-4379, -52-7674, -239-20313.
[36] Sibt al-Mardini, Irshad al-Tullab ila al-Wasilat al-Hisab, edited with commentaries by Mustafa Mawaldi, Aleppo: The Institute for the history of Arabic Sciences, 2004.
[37] There are several manuscript copies of the poem Al-Muqni’, including a copy in the General Endowments Library in Baghdad, no. 550/1 Collections, and another copy in the Zahiriyyah Library, no. 4823/ general.
[38] See his biography in Al-Zirikli, Al-A’lam, op. cit., vol. 3, p. 80; Kahhalah, Mu’jam al-Mu’aliffin, op. cit., vol. 4, p. 182.
[39] MS (Al-Musri’ fi Sharh al-Muqni’), Al-Zahiriyyah copy no. 24/ general, page 1. In the Ahmadiyya Library in Mosul, there is a valuable copy in the author’s handwriting, no. 107 Ahmadiyya, and a copy in Al-Azhar Library, no. 4376/43, and in the Egyptian National Library, there is a copy no. K 3815. Another copy is in the Zahiriyyah Library, no. 24/ general. In Türkiye, there are numerous copies, including two in the Laleli Library, no. 3747 and 3752.
[40] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83.
[41] He is ‘Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Hajjaj, famously known as Ibn al-Yasamin, a mathematician who excelled in geometry, algebra, arithmetic, astrology, and logic. He was born in Fez, Morocco, and died in Marrakesh in 601/1204. See: Kashf al-Zunun, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 62-63; Mu’jam al-Mu’aliffin, op. cit., vol. 6, p. 41; Al-A’lam, op. cit., vol. 9, p. 153.
[42] Kashf al-Zunun, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 82; Qadri Tuqan, Turath al-‘Arab al-‘Ilmi, op. cit., p. 391; ‘Abbas al-‘Azzawi, Tarikh ‘Ilm al-Falak fi al-‘Iraq, Baghdad: Matba’at al-Majma’ al-‘Ilmi al-‘Iraqi, 1378/1958, p. 177.
[43] Fihris al-Makhtutat bi-Dar al-Kutub al-Wataniyyah, Tunisia: Wizarat al-Shu’un al-Thaqafiyyah, 1978, vol. 1, p. 120.
[44] Muhammad Salah ‘Ayidi, Fihris Makhtutat Dar al-Kutub al-Zahiriyyah – al-Riyadhiyat, Damascus: Majma’ al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah, 1393/1973, p. 56.
[45] Fu’ad Sayyid and Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyah, Fihrist al-Makhtutat: Nashrah bi al-Makhtutat allati iqtanatha al-Dar min sanat 1936-1955, Cairo: Matba’ah Dar al-Kutub, 1382/1962, vol. 1, p. 124.
[46] Ramadan Sheshen, Nawadir al-Makhtutat al-‘Arabiyyah fi Maktabat Turkiya, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Jadid, 1975, vol. 1, p. 192.
[47] Al-Shawkani, Al-Badr al-Tali’, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 118; Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 157; Isma’il al-Baghdadi, Idhah al-Maknun fi al-Dhayl ‘ala Kashf al-Zunun ‘an Asami al-Kutub wa al-Funun, Istanbul: Wikalat al-Ma’arif, 1364/1945, p. 282; Al-Baghdadi, Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 11.
[48] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83.
[49] Ibid., 1, p. 83, Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 157; Al-Baghdadi, Idhah al-Maknun, op. cit., p. 281; Al-Baghdadi, Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 121.
[50] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83; Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 157; Al-Zirikli, Al-A’lam, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 217; Hikmat Najib ‘Abd al-Rahman, Dirasat fi Tarikh al-‘Ulum ‘Ind al-Arab, Mosul: Jami’at al-Mawsil, 1397/1977, p. 100.
[51] Al-Baghdadi, Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 120.
[52] Dawud al-Jalabi, Kitab Makhtutat al-Mawsil, Baghdad: Matba’ah al-Furat, 1927, p. 115.
[53] F. Sayyid and Dar al-Kutub, Fihrist al-Makhtutat, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 138.
[54] Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 157; Hajji Khalifah, Kashf al-Zunun, op. cit., p. 1125, in which the title Al-Fusul is mentioned; Al-Baghdadi, Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 121, which mentions the title Al-Fusul al-Muhimmah fi Mawarith al-Ummah.
[55] F. Sayyid and Dar al-Kutub, Fihrist al-Makhtutat, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 182.
[56] Fihris al-Makhtutat (Dar al-Kutub al-Wataniyyah), op. cit., vol. 2, p. 189.
[57] Hajji Khalifah, Kashf al-Zunun, op. cit., p. 1125.
[58] F. Sayyid and Dar al-Kutub, Fihrist al-Makhtutat, op. cit., vol. 3, p. 135.
[59] Ibid.
[60] Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 157; Al-Baghdadi, Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 121. Shams al-Din al-Dawudi mentioned it in Tabaqat al-Mufassirin under the title Al-Kafiyyah: op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83. Al-Zirikli mentioned it in Al-A’lam with the title Kifayat al-Huffaz: op. cit., vol. 1, p. 217.
[61] F. Sayyid and Dar al-Kutub, Fihrist al-Makhtutat, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 261.
[62] Fihris al-Makhtutat (Dar al-Kutub al-Wataniyyah), op. cit., vol. 1, p. 177.
[63] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83.
[64] Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 158.
[65] Al-Shawkani, Al-Badr al-Tali’, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 117.
[66] MS Al-Shubbak by Ibn al-Ha’im, preserved in the General Library in Rabat, Morocco (Al-Khizanah al-‘Ammah bi-Rabat), no. D 1194/2430.
[67] Usamah Nasir al-Naqshabandi, Makhtutat al-Hisab wa al-Handasah wa al-Jabr fi Maktabah al-Mathaf al-‘Iraqi, ed. Zamya’ Muhammad ‘Abbas, Baghdad: Wizarat al-Thaqafah, 1980, p. 139.
[68] ‘Imad ‘Abd al-Salam Ra’uf, Al-Athar al-Khattiyah fi al-Maktabah al-Qadiriyyah fi Jami’ al-Shaykh ‘Abd al-Qadir al-Kilani, Baghdad: Matba’ah al-Ma’arif, 1977, vol. 2, p. 99.
[69] ‘Abdullah al-Juburi, Fihris al-Makhtutat al-‘Arabiyyah fi Maktabat al-Awqaf al-‘Ammah fi Baghdad, Baghdad: Matba’ah al-Irshad, 1974, vol. 2, p. 33.
[70] F. Sayyid and Dar al-Kutub, Fihrist al-Makhtutat, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 21.
[71] Ibid., vol. 1, p. 422.
[72] Fihris al-Makhtutat al-‘Arabiyyah al-Mahfuzah fi al-Khizanah al-‘Ammah bi-Ribat, Paris: Al-Maktabat al-Sharqiyyah wa al-Amrikiyyah, 1954, vol. 2, p. 263.
[73] Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 157; Al-Shawkani, Al-Badr al-Tali’, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 117; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Qadir Ba-Matraf, Al-Jami’, Baghdad: Dar al-Hurriyah, 1980, vol. 1, p. 135.
[74] MS Al-Ma’unah, sheet no. 23.
[75] Al-Shawkani, Al-Badr al-Tali’, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 117.
[76] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83; Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 157; Al-Baghdadi, Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 121. It is also titled Nuzhah al-Nufus fi Bayan al-Mu’amalah bi al-Fulus (نزهة النفوس في بيان المعاملة بالفلوس)
[77] F. Sayyid and Dar al-Kutub, Fihrist al-Makhtutat, op. cit., vol. 3, p. 159.
[78] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83; Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 157.
[79] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83; Al-Baghdadi, Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 118.
[80] Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 157; Al-Shawkani, Al-Badr al-Tali’, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 118.
[81] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83; Al-Baghdadi, Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 121.
[82] Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 157.
[83] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83; Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 157; Al-Baghdadi, Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 121; Al-Baghdadi, Idhah al-Maknun, op. cit., p. 233.
[84] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83.
[85] Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 157.
[86] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83; Al-Baghdadi, Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 121; Idhah al-Maknun, p. 58.
[87] Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 157.
[88] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83; Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 158; Al-Baghdadi, Idhah al-Maknun, op. cit., p. 233; Kahhalah, Mu’jam al-Mu’aliffin, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 137.
[89] F. Sayyid and Dar al-Kutub, Fihrist al-Makhtutat, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 124.
[90] Abu Zakariya Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi (d. 1277) was a jurist, hadith master, and linguist. Among his works are Minhaj al-Talibin wa ‘Umdat al-Muftin, which was printed several times, including one in Egypt in 1297/1879. See: Abu al-Walid ‘Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faradhi, Tarikh al-‘Ulama’ wa al-Ruwat lil-‘Ilm bi al-Andalus, Cairo, 1373/1954, vol. 2, pp. 190-191; Ibn Taghribirdi, Al-Nujum al-Zahirah fi Muluk Misr wa al-Qahirah, Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyah, 1929, vol. 7, p. 656; Ibn Kathir, Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah fi al-Tarikh, Beirut: Dar Sader, 1966, vol. 3, pp. 278, 279; Tashkubri Zadah, Miftah al-Sa’adah wa Misbah al-Siyadah, ed. Kamil Bakri, Cairo: Dar al-Kutub, 1968, vol. 1, p. 318; Yusuf Sarkis, Mu’jam al-Matbu’at al-‘Arabiyah wa al-Mu’arrabah, Egypt: Matba’ah Sarkis, 1346/1928, p. 1876; Kahhalah, Mu’jam al-Mu’aliffin, op. cit., vol. 13, p. 202.
[91] Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 158.
[92] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83; Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 158; Al-Baghdadi, Idhah al-Maknun, op. cit., p. 233; Al-Baghdadi, Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 120; Kahhalah, Mu’jam al-Mu’aliffin, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 137.
[93] Al-Shawkani, Al-Badr al-Tali’, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 118; Al-Baghdadi, Idhah al-Maknun, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 111; Al-Baghdadi, Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 121.
[94] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83; Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 158.
[95] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83; Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 158; Al-Baghdadi, Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 121.
[96] Hajji Khalifah, Kashf al-Zunun, op. cit., p. 1125.
[97] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83; Al-Shawkani, Al-Badr al-Tali’, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 181.
[98] Al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al-Mufassirin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 83; Al-Sakhawi, Al-Dhaw’ al-Lami’, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 157; Hajji Khalifah, Kashf al-Zunun, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 124; Al-Baghdadi, Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 120.
[99] Al-Baghdadi, Hadiyyat al-‘Arifin, op. cit., vol. 1, p. 126.
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