2025 Moroccan Gen Z protests
| 2025 Moroccan Gen Z protests | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Gen Z protests | |||
 Demonstrations in front of Parliament in Rabat | |||
| Date | 27 September 2025 – present (1 week and 3 days) | ||
| Location | |||
| Caused by |
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| Methods | |||
| Status | Ongoing | ||
| Parties | |||
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| Lead figures | |||
Decentralised leadership | |||
| Casualties and losses | |||
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A series of ongoing youth-led demonstrations in Morocco began on 27 September 2025. Organized by decentralized, anonymous collectives known as GenZ 212[1][a] and Morocco Youth Voice, the protests demanded significant improvements to public education and healthcare, while criticizing government spending on international sporting events like the 2030 FIFA World Cup and the 2025 Africa Cup of Nations.[3][4] Protesters expressed discontent with the state of the economy, the deterioration of quality of public services, and state investment in infrastructure for international sporting events over public services.[5] They were the largest protests since the 2011 Arab Spring.[6]
Three protesters were shot dead after a Royal Gendarmerie station was stormed in Lqliâa. According to the Ministry of Interior, at least 409 protestors were arrested (most of whom were minors), 28 protestors were injured (including one in critical condition in Oujda), and 326 security forces were injured. Material damage included 271 police cars, 175 private cars, and the vandalism of more than 80 public establishments and private businesses.[7]
Background
[edit]The protests emerged against a backdrop of high youth unemployment, which official statistics placed at 35.8%[4] along with popular discontent over social inequality in Morocco.[8][9] More than half of Morocco's population is under 35 making Morocco experience a youth bulge.[10] Economic growth has averaged around 3% in recent years below the 6% that the country's development model set as a target.[11] Public anger intensified in September 2025 after eight women died during childbirth at a public hospital in Agadir, which was widely seen as highlighting the fragile healthcare system.[3][12] The incident led to Health Minister Amine Tahraoui firing the director of the hospital and other regional health officials.[3][13][14]
Healthcare
[edit]According to the World Health Organization, Morocco has only 7.7 doctors per 10,000 people, with some regions such as Agadir registering 4.4 per 10,000, well below the recommended 25.[3]
Education
[edit]In the years leading up to the protests, Morocco experienced criticism of the education system and access to public healthcare, as well as allegations of corruption and social inequality.[5]
Infrastructure
[edit]Morocco has spent billions of dollars on infrastructure, with 38% of its GDP going to projects between 2001 and 2017.[15]
Sports infrastructure spending
[edit]Criticism was also expressed about the government's spending in constructing and renovating stadiums for the 2025 Africa Cup of Nations and the 2030 FIFA World Cup, both of which are hosted or co-hosted by Morocco.[1][3] This contrast in spending priorities fueled popular slogans such as "Stadiums are here, but where are the hospitals?"[3][16] Preparations for the 2030 FIFA World Cup generated controversy due to expropriations and public spending on stadiums and infrastructure considered non-essential by parts of the population, with animal welfare groups also highlighting the killing of stray dogs by authorities.[17][18]
Economy
[edit]At the time of the protests, the Moroccan Dirham could not be converted into other global currencies, and thus weren't available outside of Morocco. The Moroccan Dirham could not be used in digital payments. The full integration of the Moroccan economy into the world market is hindered by the underdeveloped Moroccan currency system.[19]
Digital coordination and social demands
[edit]The GenZ 212 Discord server was launched on September 18 with fewer than 1000 members at launch.[20] The server surged from 3,000 members[21] to over 180,000 members by 5 October[22] showing the rapid spread of the movement among youth.[21] In a statement on Discord, the GenZ 212 protest organizers said that "[t]he right to health, education and a dignified life is not an empty slogan but a serious demand." They cited King Mohammed VI, urged protesters to remain peaceful, and criticized the "repressive security approaches" by authorities.[1] They shared their demands on social media including but not limited to nondiscriminatory free, high-quality education; nondiscriminatory, accessible public healthcare; more affordable and higher-quality housing; better public transit; price lowering and subsidies for basic goods; wage and pension improvements; providing especially youth populations with job opportunities; unemployment reduction; and the adoption of English as Morocco's second national language after Arabic, replacing French.[23]
Other demands include reduction in spending on sports infrastructure and action against institutional corruption.[17] Protestors have also called on prime minister Aziz Akhannouch to resign.[24] In a letter addressed to Mohammed VI, they called on him to dismiss the government and corrupt political parties, release detainees and convene a government forum to hold corrupt officials accountable. Despite the king's authority, they directed their opposition to government officials calling on the king to oversee reforms.[25]
The protest movements took inspiration from the Nepalese, Madagascar, and Peru Gen Z protests, as it was organized in a similar fashion;[6] organizers coordinated through Discord servers and were fueled by TikTok videos.[3][26]
Timeline
[edit]28–30 September
[edit]
On 28 September, the first protests took place in Rabat, Marrakesh and Casablanca. Early arrests were reported by local outlets and rights groups.[27][9]
On 29 September, demonstrations and clashes continued in Casablanca, Rabat, and Marrakesh. New protests began in Agadir and at least seven other cities.[12] with several arrests being made after protesters blocked a major highway in Casablanca.[5][28] Riot police and plainclothes officers intervened in several cities.
On 30 September, rioting, arson and stone-throwing were reported in several towns and cities, including Ait Amira, Inezgane, Agadir, Tiznit, Oujda, and Temara. In Ait Amira, a bank branch was set on fire and two police vehicles were overturned; running clashes with security forces also occurred.[29][30] A 19-year-old protesting student at Mohammed First University in Oujda was struck by a police vehicle and was hospitalized at CHU Mohammed VI Oujda under critical condition, before undergoing amputation of one leg due to the incident, with the other leg developing a bacterial infection.[31][32][33] In Casablanca, authorities said that 24 people were facing judicial investigation over the previous day's highway blockade; in Rabat, dozens detained days earlier were released on bail, pending investigation.[28][30] GenZ 212 made a statement on Facebook expressing "regret over acts of rioting or vandalism that affected public or private property" whilst urging its participants to remain peaceful.[34]
1 October – present
[edit]
On 1 October, the Interior Ministry announced an official toll: 263 security personnel injured, 23 protesters injured, and 409 people arrested. Authorities also reported damage to 142 police vehicles and 20 private cars.[35]
Under royal instructions, the 19-year-old who was struck by a police car in Oujda was airlifted to a military hospital in Rabat.[36][37] In Casablanca, a march was held for the man. Tangier and Tetouan saw authorities use force to disperse demonstrators, while Casablanca refrained from using force for the first time since the protests began, adopting a more cautious approach to prevent escalation.[38]
Acts of vandalism occurred in the cities of Salé and Témara, targeting police vehicles and public and private property, including shopping centers and banks.[38] Additional local reports detail arrests and damage in Inezgane-Aït Melloul and other prefectures.[citation needed]
Several Moroccan cities witnessed violent clashes between protesters and security forces on the night of 1 October.[29][39] In Lqliâa, videos showed stone-throwing towards protesters and Royal Gendarmerie personnel. Violence and vandalism led to gunfire from the Gendarmerie. Three people died after being shot outside the Gendarmie station in Lqliâa. Local authorities in the Inezgane-Ait Melloul prefecture initially announced the deaths of two people before prime minister Aziz Akhannouch announced a third death in a statement.[40] Reinforcement helped calm the situation before carrying out large-scale arrests against suspected young protesters.[39] The Public Prosecutor's Office announced that 193 people were charged on suspicion of violence or vandalism, 16 of which were remanded into custody until trial.[41]
The prefecture claimed that that Royal Gendarmerie personnel in Lqliâa "were forced to use their service weapons, in legitimate self-defense, to repel an attack and storming of the Royal Gendarmerie station by groups of individuals. The attack was an attempt to seize ammunition, equipment, and service weapons of the gendarmerie personnel."[42]
According to authorities, the protesters had robbed the station of a police car and four motorcycles and began attacking the station's dorms when the shots rang out.[43] No witnesses could corroborate the claims of the local authorities.[44] Later, the authorities released CCTV footage showing the attack on the Gendarmerie station.[45]
A judicial investigation has been opened under the supervision of the public prosecutor's office to uncover the full circumstances and details of these events, identify all those involved in these acts, and determine the legal consequences thereof, according to local authorities.[42]
In Taroudant, the Taroudant Prefecture’s administrative headquarters was burnt down.[46] In Sidi Bibi, the municipal headquarters were burnt down, leading to civil registry documents being destroyed.[47]
On 3 October, GenZ 212 called for the dismissal of the government alongside the "release of all those detained in connection with the peaceful protests". They have also asserted their "love for the homeland and king".[48] The CNDH reported that the protests on October 3rd and 4th were peaceful.[49] The protests on the 3rd occurred in numerous cities including Rabat and Agadir.[50]
Protests were announced on 6 October by GenZ 212 in Rabat, Tangier, Casablanca, Fez, Berkane, and 16 other cities across the country. In another statement they rejected a meeting organized by the youth wing of the Popular Movement party describing it as an attempt to co-opt the cause.[51]
Response
[edit]According to human rights organisations, security forces dispersed several demonstrations and carried out dozens of arrests.[27] The Moroccan Association for Human Rights (AMDH) denounced arbitrary detentions, use of force and restrictions on public gatherings.[52] The security response was criticized by Moroccan politicians and activists on social media, who argued that it violated Morocco's constitutional right to free expression.[53] Police security was tightened in response to the protests.[4]
The Ministry of Interior released an official statement through its spokesperson on 30 September, stressing that while the authorities remained committed to protecting freedoms, including the right to peaceful protest, demonstrations organized outside the legal framework had escalated into violence in several cities. According to the ministry, 263 members of the security forces were injured, 23 protesters were wounded, and widespread damage occurred to 142 police vehicles, 20 private cars, and multiple banks, shops and public institutions. The statement added that 49 individuals were placed in custody under orders from the public prosecutor, while others were released after identity checks. The ministry underlined that it would continue to preserve public order with "restraint and professionalism" but vowed to prosecute individuals engaged in violent acts in accordance with Moroccan law.[54][better source needed] According to Moroccan human rights lawyer Khadija Riyadi protestors were arrested for granting interviews to media.[55] The Interior Ministry accused demonstrators of using knives and firebombs.[21]
Reactions
[edit]Domestic
[edit]Government
[edit]On 30 September 2025, the Moroccan government issued a statement saying it "listens to and understands the social demands" of the youth protests and were "ready to respond positively and responsibly"[8] expressing willingness in engage in dialogue with youth "within institutions and public spaces to find realistic solutions" whilst also praising what it called "the balanced reaction of security authorities in line with relevant legal procedures".[31] On 2 October 2025, Prime minister Aziz Akhannouch praised the security force response to protests whilst also saying that the government was ready for a "dialogue and discussion within institutions and public spaces".[56][57][55]
Others
[edit]The Moroccan Association for Human Rights (AMDH) was vocal in its condemnation of the police response, documenting hundreds of arrests and describing the authorities' actions as a "security crackdown" and a "violation of the right to peaceful protest."[12][16] The organization provided legal support to many of those detained.[58] The head of the AMDH section in Rabat condemned the arrests as unconstitutional.[31]
Two opposition parties, the Justice and Development Party (PJD) and the Federation of the Democratic Left, have denounced the government response to protests.[59] Abdelilah Benkirane, former prime minister and leader of the PJD, initially supported the protests but later posted a video after the violence on Tuesday condemning the violence and urging the movement to end the protests. Fatima Ezzahra El Mansouri, secretary-general of the Authenticity and Modernity Party which is part of the governing coalition, acknowledged that the government "has not fully succeeded in responding to citizens' expectations" whilst also noting Morocco making progress within the last few decades. Nabila Mounib, general secretary of the Unified Socialist Party, joined one of the protests but was criticised for trying to capitalise from the movement.[20][60]
Several Moroccan celebrities like Yassine Bounou, Azzedine Ounahi and ElGrande Toto supported the protests.[60][61]
International
[edit]Foreign governments
[edit]![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (October 2025) |
Intergovernmental organizations
[edit]UN Secretary-General António Guterres criticised the use of violence during the protests calling on protestors to engage peacefully as well as welcoming the government's intentions to enter into dialogue.[62]
Human rights groups
[edit]Amnesty International, through its regional office in Rabat, called for moderate use of force against protestors, as all signs show the protests will continue.[63]
Other
[edit]International media outlets described the protests as "some of Morocco's largest anti-government protests in years", highlighting the movement's decentralized nature and its critique of government spending priorities.[3][4][12][64]
British political scientist Nic Cheeseman said the protests were triggered by economic issues and were occurring "in more urbanised areas that are not as deeply authoritarian". He also said that "In general, it is where extremely young populations interact with urbanisation and economic downturn, under conditions where it is possible to protest".[65]
See also
[edit]- Arab Spring – Protests and revolutions in the Arab world in the 2010s
- Hirak Rif Movement – Protest movement in Morocco
Notes
[edit]- ^ From the +212 country code[2]
References
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