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Brno

Coordinates: 49°11′33″N 16°36′30″E / 49.19250°N 16.60833°E / 49.19250; 16.60833
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"Brünn" redirects here. For other uses, see Brunn.

Brno
Statutory city
Clockwise from top: Liberty Square; Lužánky Park; Ignis Brunensis; Špilberk Castle; Brno Exhibition Centre; Villa Tugendhat; and Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul
Clockwise from top: Liberty Square; Lužánky Park; Ignis Brunensis; Špilberk Castle; Brno Exhibition Centre; Villa Tugendhat; and Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul
Flag of Brno
Flag
Coat of arms of Brno
Coat of arms
Official logo of Brno
Logo
Brno is located in Czech Republic
Brno
Brno
Location in the Czech Republic
Coordinates: 49°11′33″N 16°36′30″E / 49.19250°N 16.60833°E / 49.19250; 16.60833
Country Czech Republic
RegionSouth Moravian
DistrictBrno-City
Foundedc. 1000[1]
Government
 • MayorMarkéta Vaňková (ODS)
Area
230.18 km2 (88.87 sq mi)
 • Land225.71 km2 (87.15 sq mi)
 • Water4.47 km2 (1.73 sq mi)
 • Metro
1,978 km2 (764 sq mi)
Elevation
[2]
237 m (778 ft)
Highest elevation
497 m (1,631 ft)
Lowest elevation
190 m (620 ft)
Population
 (2025-01-01)[3]
402,739
 • Density1,784.3/km2 (4,621.4/sq mi)
 • Metro
[4]
729,405
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
600 00 – 650 00
Websitewww.brno.cz

Brno (/ˈbɜːrnoʊ/ BUR-noh,[5] Czech pronunciation: [ˈbr̩no] ⓘ; German: Brünn) is a city in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. Located at the confluence of the Svitava and Svratka rivers, Brno has about 403,000 inhabitants, making it the second-largest city in the Czech Republic after the capital, Prague, and one of the 100 largest cities in the European Union. The Brno metropolitan area has approximately 730,000 inhabitants.

Brno is the former capital city of Moravia and the political and cultural hub of the South Moravian Region. It is the centre of the Czech judiciary, with the seats of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Administrative Court, and the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office, as well as several state authorities, including the Ombudsman[6] and the Office for the Protection of Competition.[7] Brno is also an important centre of higher education, with about 62,000 students, 13 institutions of higher education, and 33 faculties.[8]

The Brno Exhibition Centre is among the largest exhibition centres in Europe.[9] The complex opened in 1928 and established the tradition of large exhibitions and trade fairs held in Brno.[10] Brno hosts motorbike and other races on the Masaryk Circuit, a tradition established in 1930, of which the Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix is one of the most prestigious races.[11] Another cultural tradition is an international fireworks competition, Ignis Brunensis,[12] which attracts tens of thousands of visitors to each display.[13]

The most visited sights of the city include the Špilberk Castle and fortress and the Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul on Petrov hill, two medieval buildings that dominate the cityscape and are often depicted as its traditional symbols.[14][15] The other large preserved castle near the city is Veveří Castle by Brno Reservoir.[16][17][18] Another architectural monument is the functionalist Villa Tugendhat, which was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites List in 2001.[19] One of the natural sights nearby is the Moravian Karst. The city is a member of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and was designated a "City of Music" in 2017.[20]

Administrative division

[edit]
Main article: Administrative divisions of Brno

Brno consists of 29 self-governing districts and 48 municipal parts, whose borders respect the boundaries of the districts.[21][22] The districts of Brno are:

Names

[edit]

The etymology of the name Brno is disputed. It might be derived from Old Czech brnie, i.e. 'muddy', 'swampy'.[23] Alternatives are the Slavic verb brniti ('to armour' or 'to fortify') or a Celtic origin. The latter theory would make it cognate with other Celtic words for hill, such as the Welsh word bryn.

Throughout its history, Brno's locals also referred to their city in other languages, including Brünn in German, ברין (Brin) in Yiddish, and Bruna in Latin. The city was also referred to as Brunn (/brʌn/)[24] in English, but this variant is no longer common today.[25]

The asteroid 2889 Brno was named after the city, as was the Bren light machine gun. The latter was in wide use during World War II, and its name derived from 'Brno' and 'Enfield', the site of the Royal Small Arms Factory.[26]

History

[edit]
Main articles: History of Brno and Timeline of Brno

Early history

[edit]
The 10 CZK coin (1993 design)

The Brno basin has been inhabited since prehistoric times,[27] as evidenced by a 2024 discovery of at least three mammoth bones and prehistoric tools dating back 15,000 years.[28] The city's direct precursor was a fortified settlement, Staré Zámky, established during the Great Moravian Empire, which was inhabited from the Neolithic Age until the early 11th century.[29] The site of the Staré Zámky Hillfort is located in Brno-Líšeň. During the Great Moravian period, the hillfort played a crucial role as a strategic hub, connecting the empire's center with the ironworks in the Moravian Karst. Around the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries, the hillfort experienced a catastrophic fire.[30]

Middle Ages

[edit]

In the early 11th century, Brno was established as the seat of a non-ruling prince from the House of Přemyslid,[27] and it became one of the centres of Moravia, along with Olomouc and Znojmo. Brno was first mentioned in Cosmas' Chronica Boemorum, dating to 1091, when King Vratislaus II besieged his brother, Conrad, at Brno castle.[31] In the mid-11th century, Moravia was divided into three separate territories; each with its own ruler, who came from the Přemyslids dynasty, but was independent of the other two, and subordinate to the Bohemian ruler in Prague. The seats of these rulers and thus the "capitals" of these three territories were the castles and towns of Brno, Olomouc, and Znojmo.

Coat of arms of the margraviate

In the late 12th century, Moravia began to reunify, forming the Margraviate of Moravia. From then on until the middle of the 17th century, it was unclear which one of the two cities should be the capital of Moravia. Political power continued to be divided between Brno and Olomouc, with Znojmo playing a tertiary role. The Moravian Diet, the Moravian Land Tables, and the Moravian Land Court were all seated in both cities at once.[32][33] Brno was the official seat of the rulers of Moravia, the Moravian Margraves,[34] and its proximity to Vienna later gave it an advantage. Olomouc had a larger population than Brno and was also the seat of the Diocese of Olomouc, the only bishopric in Moravia until 1777.[35][36]

Unsuccessful Swedish siege in 1645

In 1243, the separate settlements that made up Brno were consolidated into a single fortified settlement and granted a royal city charter by King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia.[37][38][39][40] As was common throughout Central and Eastern Europe at the time, the royal city charter was closely tied to the arrival of German settlers and other migrants.[41]

In 1324, Queen Elisabeth Richeza of Poland built the Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady along with a Cistercian convent, which later became an Augustinian Abbey. The basilica is also her final resting place.[42] In the 14th century, Brno became one of the centres for the Moravian regional assemblies, whose meetings alternated between Brno and Olomouc.[27] These assemblies made political, legal, and financial decisions.

From the mid-14th century to the early 15th century, Špilberk Castle had served as the permanent seat of the Margraves of Moravia; one of them, Jobst of Moravia, was elected the King of the Romans. During the Hussite Wars, Brno was besieged by the Hussites twice, in 1428 and in 1430. Both attempts to conquer the city were unsuccessful.

17th century

[edit]
Coat of arms of the Margraviate of Moravia in Book of the state of lords with the picture of Brno (1670)

In 1641, during the Thirty Years' War, the Holy Roman Emperor and the margrave of Moravia, Ferdinand III, ordered the permanent relocation of the Diet, the Land Court, and the Land Tables from Olomouc to Brno, as Collegium Nordicum had made Olomouc the primary target of the Swedish armies.[43] In 1642, Olomouc surrendered to the Swedish Army, which occupied it for eight years.[a] Brno, under the leadership of Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches, was the only Moravian city that succeeded in defending itself from the Swedes, who were commanded by General Lennart Torstenson. It prevailed during the siege of Brno in 1645, and subsequently served as the sole capital of the Margraviate of Moravia.

After the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War in 1648, Brno retained its status as the sole capital of the region. That was later confirmed by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II in 1782, and again in 1849 by the Moravian constitution.[1] Today, the Moravian Land Tables are stored in the Moravian Regional Archive and are designated as a national cultural heritage site of the Czech Republic.[44]

Brno in c. 1700

During the 17th century, Špilberk Castle was rebuilt as a massive baroque citadel.[34] Brno was besieged by the Prussian Army in 1742 under the leadership of Frederick the Great; however, the siege ultimately proved unsuccessful. In 1777, the bishopric of Brno was established by Pope Pius VI with Mathias Franz Graf von Chorinsky Freiherr von Ledske being its first bishop.[27][36][b]

19th century

[edit]

In December 1805, the Battle of Austerlitz was fought near the city; the battle is also known as the "Battle of the Three Emperors". Although Brno itself was not directly involved in the battle, the city was under French occupation, which conferred significant hardship on the local population. In the wake of the hostilities, there was a devastating typhoid fever outbreak due to the mild winter temperatures that year.[45] The French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte stayed in Brno from November 20 to December 2, 1805,[46] and again in 1809 during the Battle of Znaim.[47][48]

In 1839, the first train arrived in Brno from Vienna via the Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway. That marked the beginning of rail transport in the Czech Republic and Austria.[49] Between 1859 and 1864, city fortifications were almost completely removed. In 1869, a horsecar service began operating in Brno, marking it the first tram service in what would later become the Czech Republic.[50]

Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian monk and geneticist, conducted groundbreaking genetics experiments with pea plants at St. Thomas's Abbey in Brno during the 1850s.[51] The monastery served as a local educational, cultural, and artistic hub with a well-stocked library and other amenities. Mendel's work was not recognized during his lifetime, and he abandoned it after he was elected abbot of the monastery in 1868.

20th century and Greater Brno

[edit]
Lands and their capitals (underlined) of the First Czechoslovak Republic
Main railway station in 1901

At the beginning of the 20th century, Brno had a predominantly German-speaking population (63%), while the suburbs were predominantly Czech-speaking.[52] Everyday life in the city was therefore bilingual. The local German dialect, known as Brünnerisch, incorporated elements from both languages.[52]

Until 1918, the city of Brno consisted only of the city centre, in administrative terms. In 1919, following World War I, two neighbouring towns, Královo Pole and Husovice, along with 21 other surrounding municipalities, were annexed by Brno, creating Greater Brno (Czech: Velké Brno). The goal was to dilute the German-speaking population majority, approximately 55,000 residents,[53] by adding Czech speakers from the city's vicinity. A significant portion of the German-speaking population was Jewish, comprising nearly 12,000 individuals, including several of the city's better-known personalities, who made a substantial contribution to the city's cultural life.[53] Greater Brno was almost seven times larger, with a population of about 222,000 – before that, Brno proper had about 130,000 inhabitants.[54][55][56][57]

In 1921–1928, Brno served as the capital of the administrative region of Moravia (Czech: Země Moravská). In 1928–1948, Brno served as the capital of Moravia-Silesia (Czech: Země Moravskoslezská). In the 1930 census, 200,000 inhabitants declared themselves to be Czech, and approximately 52,000 identified as German. Both groups included Jewish citizens.[53]

World War II

[edit]
Part of the civilian population welcomes German troops with the Nazi salute in Brno, 16 March 1939.

During the German occupation of the Czech lands between 1939 and 1945, all Czech universities were closed by the Nazis, including those in Brno. The Faculty of Law became the local headquarters of the Gestapo, and the Nazis used the Kounic Residence Hall at Masaryk University as a political prison for anti-fascists.

Along with the firing range in Kobylisy, the Kounic dormitories were the most frequently used execution grounds in the Protectorate.[58] About 35,000 Czechs and some American and British POWs were imprisoned and tortured there; about 800 civilians were executed or died.[59][60][61][62] The executions were public.[63][64][65] The Nazis also operated a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp, which mainly held Polish prisoners,[66] an internment camp for Romani people in the city,[67] and a forced labour "re-education" camp in the present-day district of Dvorska.[68]

Between 1941 and 1942, transports from Brno deported 10,081 Jews to the Theresienstadt (Terezín) concentration camp.[69] At least another 960 people, mostly of mixed ancestry, followed in 1943 and 1944. From Terezín, many of them were sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp, the Minsk Ghetto, Rejowiec, and other ghettos and concentration camps. Although Terezín was not an extermination camp, 995 deportees from Brno perished there. Only 1,033 people from over 11,000 returned after the war.[70]

In 1944 and 1945, the city centre and several industrial facilities, such as the Československá zbrojovka small arms factory and the Flugmotorenwerke Zweigwerk aircraft engine factory,[71] were targeted by Allied bombing raids. Air strikes and artillery fire killed some 1,200 people and destroyed 1,278 buildings.[72] More than 12,000 buildings, or about half of the city's building stock, were damaged.[73][74]

In the wake of the occupation by the Red Army on 26 April 1945[75] and the end of the war, President Edvard Beneš arrived in Brno and delivered a speech demanding the expulsion of Germans.[76] Subsequently, beginning on 31 May 1945, some 27,000 of Brno's German inhabitants were marched 64 kilometres (40 miles) to the Austrian border.[77] According to testimony collected by German sources, about 5,200 of them died during the march.[78] Later Czech estimates put the death toll at about 1,700, with most of the fatalities attributed to an epidemic of shigellosis.[79]

Communism and beyond

[edit]

After the communist coup d'état, the newly formed Czechoslovak Socialist Republic abolished Moravian autonomy, and Brno ceased to be the capital of Moravia.[80][81] Since then, Moravia has been divided into administrative regions, with Brno serving as the administrative centre of the South Moravian Region.[80] In the 1960s and 1970s, large prefab high-rise housing estates were built on the city outskirts, such as Bohunice, Líšeň, Bystrc, and Vinohrady. During the communist era, the vast majority of jobs created were in manufacturing and machine-building industries.

Following the Velvet Revolution of 1989, a substantial portion of Brno's workforce shifted from the manufacturing industry to services and light industry. In particular, Brno became the information technology centre of the Czech Republic. New industrial areas sprang up on the outskirts of the city, such as cs:Černovická terasa east of the city.

Geography

[edit]
The Marian Valley in Líšeň
Air quality in the Czech Republic in 2008; Brno ranks among the cleanest cities.

Brno is located in the southeastern part of the Czech Republic, at the confluence of the Svitava and Svratka rivers, and there are also several brooks flowing through it, including the Veverka, Ponávka, and Říčka. The Svratka River flows through the city for about 29 km (18 mi), and the Svitava River cuts a 13 km (8 mi) path through the city.[2] Brno is situated at the crossroads of ancient trade routes which have joined northern and southern European civilizations for centuries, and is a part of the Danube basin region. The city is historically connected with Vienna, which lies 110 km (68 mi) to the south.[82]

Brno is 21.5 km (13.4 mi) across, measured from east to west, and its total area is 230 km2 (89 sq mi).[82] Within the city limits are the Brno Reservoir, several ponds, and other standing bodies of water, such as the reservoirs in the Marian Valley[83] and the Žebětín Pond. Brno is surrounded by wooded hills on three sides; about 6,379 ha (15,763 acres) of the area of the city is forest, 28% of the total. Due to its location between the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands and the Southern Moravian lowlands (Dyje-Svratka Vale), Brno has a moderate climate.[2] Compared to other cities in the country, Brno has a very high air quality, which is ensured by a good natural circulation of air; no severe storms or similar natural disasters have ever been recorded in the city.[2]

Climate

[edit]

Under the Köppen climate classification, Brno has an oceanic climate (Cfb) for −3 °C original isoterm,[84] but near of the (−2.5 °C average temperature in January, month most cold) or include by updated classification in humid continental climate (Dfb) with cold winters and warm to hot summers.[85] However, in the last 20 years, the temperature has increased, and summer days with temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) are quite common.[86] The average temperature is 9.4 °C (49 °F), the average annual precipitation is about 505 mm (19.88 in), the average number of precipitation days is 150, the average annual sunshine is 1,771 hours, and the prevailing wind direction is northwest.[2] The weather box below shows average data between 1961 and 1990. Its elevation above sea level varies from 190 m (623 ft) to 497 m (1,631 ft).[2] The highest peak in the municipal area is the Kopeček Hill (479 m; 1,572 ft), and the highest point overall lies in Útěchov on the border with the municipality of Vranov.

Climate data for Brno-Tuřany Airport, Brno
Coordinates 49°09′11″N 16°41′20″E / 49.15306°N 16.68889°E / 49.15306; 16.68889 (Brno Turany); elevation: 241 m (791 ft); WMO ID: 11723; 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1959–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.8
(60.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		24.3
(75.7) 		29.5
(85.1) 		31.8
(89.2) 		36.6
(97.9) 		36.4
(97.5) 		37.8
(100.0) 		32.0
(89.6) 		27.7
(81.9) 		20.1
(68.2) 		14.4
(57.9) 		37.8
(100.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.9
(35.4) 		4.5
(40.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		16.1
(61.0) 		20.4
(68.7) 		24.1
(75.4) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.4
(79.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		14.1
(57.4) 		7.7
(45.9) 		2.6
(36.7) 		14.5
(58.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.8
(30.6) 		0.9
(33.6) 		4.9
(40.8) 		10.8
(51.4) 		15.2
(59.4) 		18.9
(66.0) 		20.7
(69.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		15.3
(59.5) 		9.8
(49.6) 		4.8
(40.6) 		0.2
(32.4) 		10.1
(50.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.5
(25.7) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		0.8
(33.4) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.6
(49.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		14.9
(58.8) 		14.8
(58.6) 		10.6
(51.1) 		6.1
(43.0) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		5.7
(42.3)
Record low °C (°F) −24.1
(−11.4) 		−22.2
(−8.0) 		−18.6
(−1.5) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		1.8
(35.2) 		3.6
(38.5) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−13.1
(8.4) 		−20.9
(−5.6) 		−24.1
(−11.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 23.4
(0.92) 		22.3
(0.88) 		30.0
(1.18) 		27.3
(1.07) 		59.1
(2.33) 		69.5
(2.74) 		71.5
(2.81) 		60.7
(2.39) 		51.4
(2.02) 		35.1
(1.38) 		32.2
(1.27) 		30.0
(1.18) 		512.3
(20.17)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 11.5
(4.5) 		8.6
(3.4) 		3.8
(1.5) 		0.5
(0.2) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		3.0
(1.2) 		8.9
(3.5) 		36.3
(14.3)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0mm) 6.0 5.2 6.1 5.8 8.6 8.4 9.6 7.4 6.2 6.5 6.7 7.0 83.4
Average relative humidity (%) 83.5 77.7 70.5 62.4 65.1 65.4 63.8 64.2 71.5 79.2 84.6 85.7 72.8
Average dew point °C (°F) −4.8
(23.4) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		3.9
(39.0) 		8.3
(46.9) 		11.3
(52.3) 		12.7
(54.9) 		12.6
(54.7) 		9.5
(49.1) 		5.0
(41.0) 		0.9
(33.6) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		4.4
(39.9)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 54.7 85.0 139.5 203.0 234.9 245.2 257.7 250.3 174.1 111.7 55.4 43.3 1,854.8
Percentage possible sunshine 18.32 27.16 35.30 45.00 47.49 48.27 50.40 52.32 44.45 35.50 19.32 16.15 36.64
Average ultraviolet index 1 1 3 4 6 7 7 6 4 2 1 1 4
Source 1: NOAA (dew point 1961–1990)[87][88]
Source 2: Český hydrometeorologický ústav (ČHMU)[89][90][91]
Climate data for Brno (Brno-Žabovřesky), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1987–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.4
(61.5) 		18.4
(65.1) 		23.2
(73.8) 		30.0
(86.0) 		33.6
(92.5) 		38.2
(100.8) 		37.9
(100.2) 		38.5
(101.3) 		32.9
(91.2) 		27.8
(82.0) 		19.2
(66.6) 		14.4
(57.9) 		38.5
(101.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1) 		4.9
(40.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		16.9
(62.4) 		21.6
(70.9) 		25.4
(77.7) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.2
(81.0) 		21.0
(69.8) 		14.2
(57.6) 		7.9
(46.2) 		2.9
(37.2) 		15.1
(59.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.4
(31.3) 		1.1
(34.0) 		5.1
(41.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		15.6
(60.1) 		19.4
(66.9) 		21.0
(69.8) 		20.5
(68.9) 		15.1
(59.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		5.0
(41.0) 		0.5
(32.9) 		10.3
(50.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.2
(26.2) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		0.7
(33.3) 		4.9
(40.8) 		9.5
(49.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		14.9
(58.8) 		14.6
(58.3) 		10.4
(50.7) 		6.0
(42.8) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		5.8
(42.4)
Record low °C (°F) −23.6
(−10.5) 		−20.4
(−4.7) 		−15.0
(5.0) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		2.7
(36.9) 		6.7
(44.1) 		4.5
(40.1) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−6.4
(20.5) 		−12.6
(9.3) 		−22.1
(−7.8) 		−23.6
(−10.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 25.9
(1.02) 		23.1
(0.91) 		32.9
(1.30) 		29.0
(1.14) 		55.7
(2.19) 		67.9
(2.67) 		72.1
(2.84) 		62.1
(2.44) 		53.5
(2.11) 		35.6
(1.40) 		33.5
(1.32) 		30.7
(1.21) 		522.0
(20.55)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 10.8
(4.3) 		8.3
(3.3) 		4.8
(1.9) 		0.4
(0.2) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		trace 3.1
(1.2) 		8.6
(3.4) 		36.1
(14.2)
Average relative humidity (%) 82.0 76.4 69.8 61.6 62.9 62.6 62.3 64.4 72.7 79.4 83.2 84.2 71.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 47.6 75.7 145.8 209.9 204.0 221.1 244.6 242.7 175.7 106.0 54.8 42.0 1,769.8
Percentage possible sunshine 17.59 26.41 39.35 50.17 42.31 46.87 50.24 53.18 46.31 33.24 19.85 15.77 36.77
Average ultraviolet index 1 1 3 4 6 7 7 6 4 2 1 1 4
Source: Czech Hydrometeorological Institute[92][93][94][95][96][97]

Cityscape

[edit]
Panoramic view of approximately the northeast quarter of the city

Administration

[edit]
The Palace of Justice, seat of the regional court
Administrative divisions of Brno and their coats of arms
Main articles: Administrative divisions of Brno and List of Mayors of Brno

Legally, Brno is a statutory city, consisting of 29 administrative divisions known as city districts.[98] The highest body of self-government is the Brno City Assembly.[99] The city is headed by the lord mayor, who has the right to use the mayor's insignia and represents the city externally. As of 2021, the lord mayor is Markéta Vaňková of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS).[100] The executive body is the city council and local councils of the city districts; the city council has 11 members including the lord mayor and her four deputies.[101] The assembly of the city elects the lord mayor and other members of the city council, establishes the local police, and is also entitled to grant citizenship of honour and the Awards of the City of Brno.[99] The head of the Assembly of the City of Brno in personal matters is the Chief Executive, who, according to certain special regulations, carries out the function of employer of the other members of the city management.[102] The Chief Executive is directly responsible to the Lord Mayor.[103]

The city itself forms a separate district, the Brno-City District, surrounded by the Brno-Country District. Brno is divided into 29 administrative divisions (city districts) and consists of 48 cadastral areas. The "Brno-City District" and "Brno-Country District" are not to be confused with the "city districts" of Brno.

The city districts of Brno vary widely in their size by both population and area. The most populated city district of Brno is Brno-Centre, which has over 91,000 residents, and the least populated are Brno-Ořešín and Brno-Útěchov, with about 500 residents. By area, the largest district is Brno-Bystrc (27.24 square kilometres; 10.52 sq mi) and the smallest is Brno-Nový Lískovec (1.66 square kilometres; 0.64 sq mi).

Brno is the home to the highest courts in the Czech judiciary. The Supreme Court is on Burešova Street,[104] the Supreme Administrative Court is on Moravské náměstí (English: Moravian Square),[105] the Constitutional Court is on Joštova Street,[106] and the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office of the Czech Republic is on Jezuitská street.[107]

Demographics

[edit]

According to the 2021 census, Brno had a population of 398,510 inhabitants.[108] The city experienced the most significant population growth in the 19th century during the Industrial Revolution and after World War I, when it annexed nearly two dozen surrounding municipalities to create Greater Brno.[54]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1869104,977—    
1880120,122+14.4%
1890145,782+21.4%
1900176,645+21.2%
1910216,709+22.7%
YearPop.±%
1921237,659+9.7%
1930283,972+19.5%
1950299,099+5.3%
1961324,173+8.4%
1970344,218+6.2%
YearPop.±%
1980371,463+7.9%
1991388,296+4.5%
2001376,172−3.1%
2011385,913+2.6%
2021398,510+3.3%
Source: Censuses[109][108]

Ethnicity and nationality

[edit]

The largest ethnic groups in the 2021 census were Czechs (44.60%), Moravians (14.08%), Slovaks (1.74%), Ukrainians (1.04%), Russians (0.36%), Vietnamese (0.35%), and Poles (0.10%). About 26% of respondents did not specify their nationality. In the 2001 census, with different reporting requirements, 76.1% identified as Czechs and 18.7% as Moravians.[110] And in the 1991 census, 35.8% identified as Czechs and 60.9% as Moravians.[111]

The outcome of the 1980 census is included for historical completeness. Censuses conducted under communist rule in Czechoslovakia were heavily politicized, particularly concerning the registration of nationality and religion. Beyond manipulating the categories and responses, the communist regime also controlled the dissemination of the census data itself.[112]

Population of Brno by ethnic group 1980–2021
Ethnic group 1980 Census 1991 Census 2001 Census 2011 Census 2021 Census
Popul. % Popul. % Popul. % Popul. % Popul. %
Czech 360,481 97.04% 138,919 35.78% 286,120 76.06% 191,395 49.60% 177,729 44.60%
Moravian 236,550 60.92% 70,258 18.68% 72,367 18.75% 56,111 14.08%
Silesian 423 0.11% 95 0.03% 148 0.04% 182 0.05%
Slovak 6,806 1.83% 7,137 1.84% 5,795 1.54% 5,956 1.54% 6,937 1.74%
German 461 0.12% 464 0.12% 425 0.11% 203 0.05% 172 0.04%
Polish 327 0.09% 359 0.09% 402 0.11% 464 0.12% 445 0.11%
Roma 1,497 0.39% 374 0.10% 157 0.04% 191 0.05%
Russian 223 0.06% 365 0.10% 551 0.14% 1,433 0.36%
Ukrainian 225 0.06% 169 0.04% 710 0.19% 3,271 0.85% 4,129 1.04%
Vietnamese 721 0.19% 1,487 0.39% 1,376 0.35%
Not Stated 1,210 0.33% 7,481 1.99% 91,529 23.72% 103,961 26.09%
Total 371,463 388,296 376,172 385,913 398,510
Source: Censuses[111]

Foreign nationals

[edit]

As of August 2025, foreign nationals accounted for about 66,415, or about 16.7% of Brno's population. Out of that total, approximately 18,839 had permanent residency, and 47,576 had a temporary status.[113] The following nationalities had the most significant presence:

Foreign nationals in Brno (August 2025)[113]
Nationality Population
 Ukraine 33,049
 Slovakia 10,111
 Vietnam 2,993
 Russia 1,905
 India 1,274
Other countries/territories
 Philippines 902
 Romania 838
 Kazakhstan 684
 United States 645
 Turkey 628
 Bulgaria 613
 Poland 573
 United Kingdom 569
 Hungary 549
 Italy 483
 Mainland China 453
 Serbia 424
 Belarus 422
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 388
 Bangladesh 340
 Moldova 331
 Greece 328
 Mongolia 293
 Germany 290
 Egypt 289
 Ghana 265
 Japan 261
 Taiwan 252
   Nepal 247
 Brazil 225
 Croatia 225
 France 214
 Korea 212
 Iran 204
 Spain 196

Economy

[edit]

After World War II, the site of Flugmotorenwerke Zweigwerk in Brno-Líšeň became the Zetor factory.[71] Though it initially operated as a subsidiary of Zbrojovka, it became an independent manufacturer of tractors and agricultural equipment.[114] The iron foundry, which was part of the site, was later acquired by the German company de:Heunisch-Guss. Zbrojovka itself went bankrupt in the early 2000s and became part of Česká Zbrojovka,[115][116][117] which acquired Colt Holding in 2021[118] and renamed itself Colt CZ Group SE.[119]

There has been a significant shift in the local economy since the Velvet Revolution in 1989. Many new companies were created or spun off from state enterprises as part of the privatization process, while several others ceased to exist entirely.[120] Before 1990, manufacturing and machine-building companies were pillars of Brno's economy. Since then, the city's economy has largely realigned itself with market demand for light industry, logistics, and services. Brno later gained some traction in newer engineering industries, especially in software development. After 2000, foreign technology companies began to establish subsidiaries in Brno. Several Czech companies, with both local and global reach, also have headquarters in the city.[121][122]

Notable companies based in Brno include Gen Digital (one of the headquarters, brand AVG Technologies still used),[123] Kyndryl (Collaborative),[124][125] AT&T, Honeywell (Global Design Center),[126] Siemens,[127] Red Hat (Czech headquarters),[128] an office of Zebra Technologies,[129] and formerly Silicon Graphics International (Czech headquarters).[130]

In recent years, knowledge-based drivers of economic growth, including science, research, and education, have become increasingly critical to the city's economy. Examples include AdMaS (Advanced Materials, Structures, and Technologies)[131] or CETOCOEN (Center for Research on Toxic Substances in the Environment).[132] The city cultivates this sector via its South Moravian Innovation Centre and the VUT Technology Incubator.[133]

Transport

[edit]
See also: Trams in Brno
Tram service is the backbone of public transport in Brno.
Brno-Tuřany Airport is the second busiest airport in the Czech Republic.[134]
Brno main railway station

Public transport in Brno consists of 12 tram lines, 14 trolleybus lines (the largest trolleybus network in the Czech Republic) and almost 40 day and 11 night bus lines.[135] Trams (known locally as šaliny[136]) first appeared on the streets in 1869; this was the first operation of horse-drawn trams in the modern-day Czech Republic.[50] The local public transport system is interconnected with regional public transport in one integrated system (IDS JMK), and directly connects several nearby municipalities with the city.[137] Its main operator is the Brno City Transport Company (DPmB), which also operates a mostly recreational ferry route at the Brno Dam Lake.[138] A tourist minibus provides a brief tour of the city.[139]

Railway transport began operating in the city in 1839 on the Brno–Vienna line, the first operating railway line in the modern-day Czech Republic.[49] Today, Brno is a transnational railway hub, with nine stations for passenger traffic. The current main railway station is the central hub of regional train services, used by about 50,000 passengers every day, with around 500 trains passing through. The station is operating at full capacity;[140] The main station building is outdated and lacks sufficient operating capacity, but the construction of the new station has been postponed several times for various reasons.[140] A referendum over whether to move the station was held on 7 and 8 October 2016, coinciding with regional elections.

Brno is also an international road transport crossroads. There are two motorways on the southern edge of the city: the D1 leading to Ostrava and Prague, and the D2 leading to Bratislava.[141] Not far from the city limits is the D52 motorway leading to Vienna. Another planned motorway, the D43, will connect Brno to northwestern Moravia.[141] The city is gradually building the large city ring road (road I/42). Several road tunnels have been built at Pisarky, Husovice, Hlinky, and Královo pole, and more are planned.[142] Due to the congestion in private transport, the city is continuing to try to build more parking ramps, including underground, but these efforts have not always been successful.[143]

Air transport is enabled by two functional airports. The public international airport, Brno-Tuřany Airport, saw a sharp increase in passenger traffic up to 2011; however, the number of passengers declined in the following years, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The airport also serves as one of the two bases for police helicopters in the Czech Republic. The other airport, Medlánky Airport, is a small domestic airport serving mainly recreational activities such as flying hot air balloons, gliders or aircraft RC models.[144][145][146]

Cycling is widespread in Brno due to the lowland nature of the landscape. Existing tracks for cycling and roller skating in 2011 totalled approximately 38 kilometres (24 mi), and are gradually being expanded.[147] There is also one long bikeway leading to Vienna, approximately 130 kilometres (81 mi) long.[148] Several hiking trails of the Czech Tourist Club also pass through Brno.[149]

Culture

[edit]
People wearing the traditional Moravian kroje (Moravian national folk costumes) at a folk festival in Líšeň

The city spends about 30 million euros every year on culture.[150][151] A vibrant university city with about 60,000 students, Brno is home to many museums, theatres and other cultural institutions, and also hosts a number of festivals and other cultural events.

Since the 1990s, Brno has experienced a great cultural "rebirth": façades of historical monuments are being repaired and various exhibitions, shows, etc., are being established or extended. In 2007, a summit of 15 presidents of EU Member States was held in Brno.[152]

Despite its urban character, some of the city districts still preserve traditional Moravian folklore, including folk festivals with traditional Moravian costumes, Moravian wines, folk music and dances. Unlike smaller municipalities, in Brno, annual traditional Moravian folk festivals are held in several city districts, including Židenice,[153] Líšeň,[154] and Ivanovice.[155]

Hantec is a unique slang that originated in Brno.

Festivals

[edit]
Ignis Brunensis fireworks festival on the Brno Reservoir (2010)
Historical horse-drawn tram at the festival called "Brno – City in the Centre of Europe"

The biggest festival in Brno is the fireworks competition festival, Ignis Brunensis (Latin for "Flame of Brno"), held annually in June, part of the "Brno – City in the Centre of Europe" festival.[156] Ignis Brunensis is the biggest show of its kind in Central Europe,[157][158] usually attracting 100,000–200,000 visitors to each display.[13]

The international film festival Cinema Mundi screens about 60 films competing for Oscar nomination in the category of Best Foreign Language Film.[159]

Theatre World Brno is another international festival held annually in the city, in which Brno theatres and the city centre stage around 100 performances by national and foreign ensembles.[160]

Other festivals held regularly in Brno include the International Music Festival Brno,[161] the Spilberk International Music Festival,[162] and the Summer Shakespeare Festival.[163]

Every September, Brno hosts a wine festival, Slavnosti vína, to celebrate the harvest in the surrounding wine-producing region.[164]

Theatres

[edit]
Reduta Theatre, the oldest theatre in Central Europe

Brno has a long theatre tradition. Brno has the oldest theatre building in Central Europe, the Reduta Theatre on Zelný trh.[165] The first theatre plays in Brno probably took place in the 1660s in the City Tavern, today's Reduta Theatre; however, the first theatre with boxes was built in this complex in 1733.[165] The first documented professional Czech performance took place in 1767, again in the Reduta Theatre; the play was called Zamilovaný ponocný (English: Watchman in Love) and was performed by the Baden Theatre Company.[166] The same year, Mozart performed in the theatre with his elder sister Anna Maria (Nannerl).[165] In that year the Mozart family spent Christmas in Brno,[167] and their visit is commemorated by a statue of Mozart as a child in front of the Reduta Theatre. The theatre's Mozart Hall was also named after him.[168]

Mahen Theatre

The National Theatre of Brno is the leading producer of opera,[169] drama,[170] and ballet[171] in the city of Brno. The first permanent seat of NdB was established in 1884, and today this institution owns the Mahen Theatre, built in 1882, Janáček Theatre, built in 1965, and the Reduta Theatre.[172] The composer Leoš Janáček is also connected with the National Theatre of Brno.[173] The Mahen Theatre was the first theatre building in Europe to be illuminated by Thomas Edison's electric light bulbs; at that time it was a completely new invention and there were no power plants built in the city, so a small steam power plant was built nearby just to power the theatre, and Edison came to Brno in 1911 to see it.[174]

The Brno City Theatre, founded in 1945, is the most commercially successful theatre in Brno.[175] The theatre's performances are usually sold out, and they also stage about 150 performances abroad every year.[176] The theatre's repertoire consists primarily of musical and dramatic shows.[177]

There are a variety of smaller theatres in Brno, including the Bolek Polivka Theatre, the Goose on a String Theatre ("Divadlo Husa na provázku"), HaDivadlo, Radost Puppet Theatre ("loutkové divadlo Radost"), and Polárka Theatre.

The Mahen Theatre was originally called the City Theatre, and until 1918, it performed exclusively in German and was not part of the National Theatre of Brno. Between 1971 and 1978, some plays were performed at the Brno Exhibition Centre due to the reconstruction of the Mahen Theatre.[178]

Local legends

[edit]
Brno Dragon and Brno Wheel at the Old Town Hall
Old Town Hall in Brno

There are several legends connected with the City of Brno. One of the best-known is the Legend of the Brno Dragon.[18] According to this legend, a terrible creature was terrorizing the citizens of Brno. The people had never seen this animal before, so they called it a dragon. They lived in fear of the dragon until one citizen managed to kill the monster by tricking it into eating a carcass filled with lime. In reality, the "dragon" was a crocodile, the preserved body of which is now displayed at the entrance of the Old Town Hall. Crocodile and dragon motifs are common in Brno. A crocodile (Czech: krokodýl) is the local stuffed baguette, and the city radio station is known as Radio Krokodýl. One of the local baseball teams is named Draci Brno (English: Brno Dragons) and the local rugby club is named RC Dragon Brno. There is also a local American football team called the cs:Brno Alligators. An Intercity train connecting Brno and Prague is called Brněnský drak (English: Brno dragon).

Next to the dragon at the Old Town Hall is the city's second well-known emblem, a wagon wheel made from a tree found and cut down 50 miles from the city. According to the legend, a local man made a wager that he could fell the tree, make a wheel out of it, and roll the wheel to the City of Brno, all within a single day. Since the achievement was deemed to be impossible by normal human means, the man was believed to have called on the devil for assistance, and died in poverty as a result.[179]

Another local legend relates to the siege of the city by Swedish forces in 1645. The locals and the Swedish army were in a stalemate, and the Swedish general declared that he would withdraw if his army had not won by noon. The bell ringer at Petrov Cathedral tricked him by ringing the bell an hour early, and keeping his word, the general and his army left.[180] As a historic tribute to the event, the bell at Petrov Cathedral still rings for noon an hour earlier, at 11 o'clock. At this hour every day, the Brno astronomical clock also releases a glass ball as a souvenir.

Museums, libraries and galleries

[edit]
Moravian Library building

The most significant museum in Brno is the Moravian Museum, which is the largest museum in Moravia and the second-largest in the Czech Republic.[181] The museum was founded in 1817, and its collections comprise over 6 million pieces.[181]

The most extensive public library in Brno is the Moravian Library. With approximately 4 million volumes, it is the second-largest library in the Czech Republic.[182] The largest gallery in Brno is the Moravian Gallery, which again ranks second in the Czech Republic and is the largest in Moravia.[183] One section of the Moravian Museum, the Anthropos Pavilion, is related to the earliest history of humanity and prehistoric Europe.

Brno is also home to one of the largest technical museums in the Czech Republic, which hosts 17 permanent displays charting the advance of science and technology, accompanied by various models and restored machinery.[184] The museum also hosts various short-term exhibitions that complement its emphasis on metallurgy, cutlery, mechanical music, steamships, clockwork, and water machines.[185]

Education

[edit]
Masaryk University Campus in Brno-Bohunice

In 2019, 62,000 students were enrolled in Brno's higher education institutions.[8] The city is also home to several research and development institutions, including the Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC),[186] and the International Clinical Research Center (ICRC).[187]

Mendel University

With over 40,000 students, Masaryk University is the largest university in Brno and the second biggest in the Czech Republic.[188] It consists of ten faculties, with more than 190 departments, institutes, and clinics.[189]

The Brno University of Technology was established in 1899, and is now among the biggest technical universities in the Czech Republic with over 20,000 students. Viktor Kaplan, inventor of the Kaplan turbine, spent nearly 30 years at the German Technical University in Brno, which ceased to exist in 1945, its property transferred to Brno University of Technology.

Mendel University, named after the founder of genetics Gregor Mendel, who developed his revolutionary scientific theories in Brno, has roughly 10,000 students.

Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts, named after Leoš Janáček, was founded in 1947 and is one of two academies of music and drama in the Czech Republic.[190] It holds the annual Leoš Janáček Competition.[191]

Sport

[edit]
Motorcycle racing championship at the Masaryk Circuit

The city has a long association with motor racing; among other events, the Masaryk Circuit has hosted the Moto GP championship since 1965. The annual Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix, the most famous motor race in the Czech Republic, has been held in the city since 1950. Since 1968, Brno has been a permanent fixture on the European Touring Car Championship (ETCC) series.[192]

Track and road cycling have a long history in Brno. The first track races took place here in 1889, and the velodrome in Brno ranks among the oldest velodromes in the world. In 1969 Brno hosted the UCI Track Cycling World Championships and UCI Road World Championships for amateurs, in 1981 the UCI Track Cycling World Championships and in 2001 the UEC European Track Championships for the U23 category. There are two traditional cycling teams: TJ Favorit Brno and Dukla Brno.

The 2010 FIBA World Championship for Women was played in Brno's Arena Vodova, with the Czech squad taking the silver medal.

There is a horse-race course at Brno-Dvorská and an aeroclub airport in Medlánky. Several sports clubs represent the city in the various Czech leagues, including FC Zbrojovka Brno (football), HC Kometa Brno (ice hockey), KP Brno (basketball, women),[193] BC Brno (basketball, men) and BK Brno (women), four baseball teams (Draci Brno, Hroši Brno, VSK Technika Brno, MZLU Express Brno), Brno Ravens Lacrosse Club, Brno Alligators (American football), two rugby teams (RC Dragon Brno, RC Bystrc) and others. Tennis players Barbora Krejčíková, Lucie Šafářová, Lukáš Rosol, and Jana Novotná are from Brno, as well as Michal Březina, one of the top Czech figure skaters.

Motorcycle speedway events were held at the Winter Stadium, off Na Rybníčku in Králové Pole.[194] The venue hosted a final round of the Czechoslovak Individual Speedway Championship in 1949, 1950 and 1954.[195]

Sights

[edit]
The Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul and Dietrichstein Palace viewed from the tower of the Old Town Hall
Villa Tugendhat, protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Brno has hundreds of historical sights, including one designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO,[196] and eight monuments listed among the national cultural heritage of the Czech Republic.[197][198] Most of the main sights of Brno are situated in the historical centre. The city has the third largest historic preservation zone in the Czech Republic, the largest one being in the Czech capital Prague. However, there is a considerable difference in the number of historical preservation zones of both cities. While Brno has 484 legally protected sites, Prague has as many as 1,330.[199]

Špilberk Castle, originally a royal castle founded in the 13th century, was from the 17th century a fortress and feared prison (e.g., Carbonari). Today it is one of the city's principal monuments.[34][200]

Another key landmark is the Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul, built during the 14th and 15th centuries in place of an 11th-century chapel.[201] Its present form with two neo-Gothic towers was completed in 1909. The other large castle near the city is Veveří Castle.[16]

The Abbey of Saint Thomas was the site of Gregor Mendel's experiments establishing the new science of genetics. The Church of Saint Tomas houses the tomb of its founder, John Henry and his son Jobst of Moravia, Margraves of Moravia. The Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady houses the grave of its founder, Queen Elisabeth Richeza. The Church of Saint James is one of the best preserved and most spectacular Gothic churches in Brno.

The Vegetable Market with Parnas fountain

Brno Ossuary is the second largest ossuary in Europe,[202] after the Catacombs of Paris. Another ossuary is the Capuchin crypt, with mummies of Capuchin monks and some of the notable people of their era, including architect cs:Mořic Grimm and the mercenary leader Baron Trenk.[203] The Labyrinth under Zelný trh, a system of underground corridors and cellars dating back to the Middle Ages, has been recently opened to the public. These cellars have been used mainly for storing food, maturing beer and wine, and as wartime shelters. Originally, they were not interconnected as they are now – this happened later during the reconstruction in 2009.[204]

Brno is home to a functionalist Synagogue and the largest Jewish cemetery in Moravia. A Jewish population lived in Brno as early as the 13th century, and remnants of tombstones can be traced back to as early as 1349.[205] The functionalist synagogue was built between 1934 and 1936.[205] While the Brno Jewish community numbered 12,000 in 1938, only 1,000 survived Nazi persecution during Germany's occupation in World War II.[205] Today, the cemetery and synagogue are again maintained by a Brno Jewish community. The only Czech mosque, founded in 1998, is also located in Brno.[206]

The era between the world wars saw a building boom to the city, leaving it with many modern and especially functionalist buildings,[207][208] the most celebrated being Villa Tugendhat, designed by architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in the 1920s for the wealthy family of cs:Fritz Tugendhat, and finished in 1930. It was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2001.[209] Another renowned architect who significantly shaped Brno was Arnošt Wiesner.[210][211][212] Other functionalist buildings include the cs:Hotel Avion and Morava Palace. The Brno Exhibition Centre is the city's main attraction for international business visitors, visited by over one million visitors each year, and hosting over 40 professional trade fairs and business conferences.

Lužánky is the oldest public park in the Czech Republic, established in the late 18th century by the emperor of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[213] Denis Gardens were founded in the early 19th century and were the first public park in the present-day Czech Republic founded by public authorities.[214] cs:Špilberk Park is classified as a national cultural sight of the Czech Republic, as a unique piece of landscape architecture.[215]

One of Brno's more recent additions is the Brno astronomical clock.[216]

The AZ Tower, opened in 2013 and 111 metres (364 ft) tall, is the tallest building in the Czech Republic.[217]

Notable people

[edit]
Main article: List of people from Brno

International relations

[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic

Brno is twinned with:[218]

Cooperation agreements

[edit]

Brno also cooperates with:[218]

Nearby cities

[edit]

This tool shows only cities with a population over 300,000 within a radius of 300 km (186.41 mi).

[edit]
  • A view from Špilberk Castle
    A view from Špilberk Castle
  • Petrov Cathedral
    Petrov Cathedral
  • Liberty Square; in the Middle Ages, it was the main square.
    Liberty Square; in the Middle Ages, it was the main square.
  • The Bishop's Palace towards the Cathedral
    The Bishop's Palace towards the Cathedral
  • Tivoli
    Tivoli
  • Janáček Theatre
    Janáček Theatre
  • Hotel Grand
    Hotel Grand
  • Brno astronomical clock
    Brno astronomical clock
  • Masarykova Street
    Masarykova Street
  • Líšeň Castle
    Líšeň Castle
  • New Town Hall
    New Town Hall
  • Moravian Gallery – Pražák Palace
    Moravian Gallery – Pražák Palace
  • Denis Gardens with obelisk
    Denis Gardens with obelisk
  • Špilberk Castle
    Špilberk Castle
  • Functionalist Agudas Achim Synagogue by Otto Eisler
    Functionalist Agudas Achim Synagogue by Otto Eisler
  • Central Bus Station
    Central Bus Station
  • Red Army Statue - Park Moravské náměsti
    Red Army Statue - Park Moravské náměsti

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ This led to a decline in the population of Olomouc from over 30,000 people to mere 1,675 and total devastation of the city.
  2. ^ The cathedral of the bishopric of the Diocese of Brno, the Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul, is depicted on the 10CZK coin.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "History of the City of Brno". City of Brno. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Where in the world is Brno? – Statutory city of Brno" (in Czech). City of Brno. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  3. ^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2025". Czech Statistical Office. 16 May 2025.
  4. ^ "Integrated Development Strategy 21+". Brno Metropolitan Area. 30 January 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  5. ^ "Brno". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  6. ^ "The Public Defender of Rights". Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  7. ^ "Office for the Protection of Competition". Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  8. ^ a b "Za co studenti v Brně utrácí a čím se po městě pohybují?" (in Czech). City of Brno. n.d. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  9. ^ "Informace o společnosti – Veletrhy Brno" (in Czech). Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  10. ^ "Basic Info – BVV Trade Fairs Brno". Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  11. ^ "1930 – 1986 Automotodrom Brno". Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  12. ^ "About the festival". Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  13. ^ a b "Celková návštěvnost festivalových akcí" (in Czech). Retrieved 5 May 2014.
  14. ^ Angel, David (28 May 2025). "How To Visit Brno Cathedral - One Of The Most Beautiful Churches In Czechia". Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  15. ^ CzechTourism (31 July 2021). "Špilberk Castle". VisitCzechia. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  16. ^ a b "Weekend trip tip: hike to Veveří castle, take a ferry boat back to Brno". Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  17. ^ "Veverské pověsti a legendy" (in Czech). Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  18. ^ a b "Old Town Hall of Brno". Brno Tourist Informations. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  19. ^ "Introduction – Vila Tugendhat". tugendhat.eu. Archived from the original on 29 July 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  20. ^ "Brno | Creative Cities Network". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  21. ^ "Public Census 2021 – basic data". Public Database (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2022.
  22. ^ "Hranice katastrálních území / Cadastral boundaries". arcgis.com. City of Brno. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  23. ^ E.M. Pospelov, Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira (Moscow, 1998), p. 82.
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Bibliography

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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Brünn".
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