Concordia Station
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Concordia Station | |
|---|---|
 Concordia Research Station at dome Circe, Charlie or Concordia. | |
  Concordia Station Location of Condordia Station in Antarctica | |
| Coordinates: 75°05′59″S 123°19′56″E / 75.099780°S 123.332196°E | |
| Country |  France Italy |
| Location in Antarctica | Dome C Antarctic Plateau |
| Administered by | PRNA IPEV |
| Established | 2005 |
| Elevation | 3,233 m (10,607 ft) |
| Population (2017)[1] | |
| • Summer | 70 |
| • Winter | 13 |
| UN/LOCODE | AQ CON |
| Type | All Year-round |
| Period | Annual |
| Status | Operational |
| Activities | List
|
| Website | Concordia Institut Polaire Français |
Concordia Research Station, which opened in 2005, is a French–Italian research facility managed by l'Institut polaire français Paul-Émile Victor and Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide, that was built 3,233 m (10,607 ft) above sea level on a geographical formation known as dôme C, on the Antarctic Plateau, Antarctica. It is located 1,100 km (680 mi) inland from the French research station at Dumont D'Urville, 1,100 km (680 mi) inland from Australia's Casey Station and 1,200 km (750 mi) inland from the Italian Zucchelli Station at Terra Nova Bay. Russia's Vostok Station is 560 km (350 mi) away. The Geographic South Pole is 1,670 km (1,040 mi) away. The facility is also located within Australia's claim on Antarctica, the Australian Antarctic Territory.
Concordia Station is the third permanent, all-year research station on the Antarctic Plateau besides Vostok Station and the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station (U.S.) at the Geographic South Pole. It is jointly operated by scientists from France and Italy and regularly hosts ESA scientists.
The station is also known as Concordia camp, and previously as Dome Charlie.[2]
History
[edit]The first research work at dôme C began during 1978. In 1982 the French first had the idea to build a permanent base at the dôme.
In 1992, France built a new station on the Antarctic Plateau. The program was later joined by Italy in 1993.
In 1995, Pr. Jean Vernin from University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis and Pr. Giorgio Dall'Oglio from University of Rome performed the first scientific experience towards a site qualification at dôme C.
In 1996, a French-Italian team established a summer camp at dôme C. The two main objectives of the camp were the provision of logistical support for the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) and the construction of a permanent research station.
The new all-year facility, Concordia Station, became operational in 2005. The first winterover began with a staff of 13 (eleven French and 2 Italians) in February 2005.
While the station has been in use for summer campaigns since December 1997, the first winterover (February to October) was only made in 2005. During this period, the station is inaccessible, requiring total autonomy.
The first winter began in mid-February 2005, with thirteen wintering (eleven French people and two Italians).
During February 2022 initial ice core extraction of the Beyond Epica-Oldest Ice research activity was completed, located 34 km from the station.[3]
Transportation
[edit]
Most of the cargo is moved to Dome C by traverse (called raid)[4] from Dumont d'Urville Station, covering 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) in 7 to 12 days depending on weather conditions. Station personnel and light cargo arrive by air, landing on a Skiway, using the Twin Otters or Basler BT-67 flying from DDU or Zucchelli Station at 1,200 kilometres (750 mi).
Environment
[edit]Dome C is situated on top of the Antarctic Plateau. No animals or plants live at a distance of more than a few tens of kilometers from the Southern Ocean. However, south polar skuas have been spotted overflying the station, 1,200 km away from their nearest food sources. It is believed that these birds have learned to cross the continent instead of circumnavigating it.
Human biology and medicine
[edit]Concordia Station shares many stressor characteristics similar to that of long-duration deep-space missions, in particular extreme isolation and confinement, and therefore serves as a useful analogue platform for research relevant to space medicine. During the winter, the crew are isolated from the outside world, having no transportation and limited communication[5] for 9 months and live a prolonged period in complete darkness, at an altitude almost equivalent to 4000m at the equator. This creates physiological and psychological strains on the crew. Concordia station is particularly useful for the study of chronic hypobaric hypoxia, stress secondary to confinement and isolation, circadian rhythm and sleep disruption, individual and group psychology, telemedicine, and astrobiology. Concordia station has been proposed as one of the real-life Earth-based analogues for long-duration deep-space missions.[6]
Glaciology
[edit]In the 1970s, Dome C was the site of ice core drilling by field teams of several nations. In the 1990s, Dome C was chosen for deep ice core drilling by the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA). Drilling at Dome C began in 1996 and was completed on 21 December 2004, reaching a drilling depth of 3270.2 m, 5 m above bedrock. The age of the oldest recovered ice is estimated to be ca. 900,000 years.[7]
Astronomy
[edit]Concordia Station has been identified as a suitable location for astronomical observations.[citation needed] The transparency of the Antarctic atmosphere permits the observation of stars even when the sun is at an elevation angle of 38°. Other advantages include the very low infrared sky emission, the high percentage of cloud-free time and the low aerosol and dust content of the atmosphere.[citation needed]
The median seeing measured with a DIMM Differential Image Motion Monitor[8] placed on top of an 8.5 m high tower is 1.3 ± 0.8 arcseconds. This is significantly worse than most major observatory sites, but similar to other observatories in Antarctica. However, Lawrence et al. considered other features of the site and concluded that "Dome C is the best ground-based site to develop a new astronomical observatory",[9] a conclusion made before whole-atmospheric seeing measurements had been made at Dome C.
Thanks to the Single Star Scidar SSS, Vernin, Chadid and Aristidi et al.[10] and Giordano, Vernin and Chadid et al.[11] finally demonstrated that most of the optical turbulence is concentrated within the first 30 m atmospheric level at Dome C. The rest of the atmosphere is very quiet with a seeing of about 0.3-0.4 arcseconds, and the overall seeing is somewhat around 1.0 arcseconds.
Launched in 2007, PAIX, the first robotic multi-color Antarctica Photometer[12] gives a new insight to cope with unresolved stellar enigma and stellar oscillation challenges. Chadid, Vernin, Preston et al.[13] implement, for the first time from the ground, a new way to study the stellar oscillations, pulsations and their evolutionary properties with long uninterrupted and continuous precision observations over 150 days, and without the regular interruptions imposed by the Earth rotation. PAIX achieves astrophysical UBVRI bands time-series measurements of stellar physics fields, rivaling photometry from space.[citation needed]
The Antarctic Search for Transiting ExoPlanets (ASTEP) programme is composed of two telescopes: a 10 cm refractor installed in 2008, and a 40 cm telescope installed in 2010 and upgraded in 2022.[14][15][16]
Climate
[edit]
The climate at Dome C where Concordia Station is located is frigid all year round, being one of the coldest places on Earth. It has a polar ice cap climate (Köppen EF), with maximums ranging from −24.8 °C (−12.6 °F) in December to −62 °C (−80 °F) in May, mean ranging from −30.4 °C (−22.7 °F) in December to −65.3 °C (−85.5 °F) in May and minimums ranging from −36.1 °C (−33.0 °F) in December to −68.7 °C (−91.7 °F) in May. The annual average air temperature is −54.5 °C (−66.1 °F). The station has never recorded a temperature above freezing; the warmest temperature recorded was −5.4 °C (22.3 °F) in January. Temperatures can fall below −80 °C (−112 °F) in winter, and the coldest recorded temperature was −84.6 °C (−120.3 °F) in August 2010; one of the coldest temperatures ever recorded on Earth.
Humidity is low and it is also very dry, with very little precipitation throughout the year.
Dome C does not experience the katabatic winds typical for the coastal regions of Antarctica because of its elevated location and its relative distance from the edges of the Antarctic Plateau. Typical wind speed in winter is 2.8 m/s.
| Climate data for Concordia | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −5.4 (22.3) |
−12.9 (8.8) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−32.9 (−27.2) |
−28.5 (−19.3) |
−30.2 (−22.4) |
−25.4 (−13.7) |
−26.5 (−15.7) |
−30.3 (−22.5) |
−23.1 (−9.6) |
−17.0 (1.4) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −24.9 (−12.8) |
−33.7 (−28.7) |
−48.7 (−55.7) |
−58.5 (−73.3) |
−62.0 (−79.6) |
−58.9 (−74.0) |
−58.4 (−73.1) |
−57.8 (−72.0) |
−54.1 (−65.4) |
−44.8 (−48.6) |
−32.5 (−26.5) |
−24.8 (−12.6) |
−46.6 (−51.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −31.1 (−24.0) |
−40.6 (−41.1) |
−54.0 (−65.2) |
−61.9 (−79.4) |
−65.3 (−85.5) |
−62.3 (−80.1) |
−62.1 (−79.8) |
−61.7 (−79.1) |
−59.5 (−75.1) |
−52.2 (−62.0) |
−39.3 (−38.7) |
−30.4 (−22.7) |
−51.7 (−61.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −37.5 (−35.5) |
−47.7 (−53.9) |
−59.4 (−74.9) |
−65.4 (−85.7) |
−68.7 (−91.7) |
−65.8 (−86.4) |
−66.0 (−86.8) |
−65.8 (−86.4) |
−65.2 (−85.4) |
−59.8 (−75.6) |
−46.2 (−51.2) |
−36.1 (−33.0) |
−57.0 (−70.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −49.8 (−57.6) |
−60.0 (−76.0) |
−74.2 (−101.6) |
−78 (−108) |
−79.6 (−111.3) |
−82.2 (−116.0) |
−82.3 (−116.1) |
−84.6 (−120.3) |
−81.9 (−115.4) |
−74.0 (−101.2) |
−61.9 (−79.4) |
−45.9 (−50.6) |
−84.6 (−120.3) |
| Source: [17][18][19] | |||||||||||||
See also
[edit]- List of research stations in Antarctica
- List of Antarctic field camps
- List of airports in Antarctica
- Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
- Casey Station
- Concordia Subglacial Lake
- Dome A also known as Dome Argus
- Dome C also known as Dome Charlie or Dome Circe
- Dome F also known as Dome Fuji
- Dumont d'Urville Station
- EPICA
- Ice core
- Law Dome
- Neumayer Station III
- Vostok Station
- Zucchelli Station
- List of Mars analogs
References
[edit]- ^ a b Antarctic Station Catalogue (PDF) (catalogue). Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs. August 2017. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-473-40409-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- ^ "Dartmouth Medicine Magazine :: Ice Pick". dartmed.dartmouth.edu. Archived from the original on 16 January 2025. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
- ^ "BAS News stories". www.bas.ac.uk. British Antarctic Survey. 18 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
- ^ "A minimalist photo taken from space reveals the incredible isolation of Antarctic researchers on Earth". Quartz. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ^ Akshat, Rathi (14 August 2015). "What life is like in the most remote corner of the world". Quartz. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
- ^ Salam, Alex (2009). "The coldest job on earth". The BMJ b2453. doi:10.1136/bmj.b2453. S2CID 79621954.
- ^ "In the Cornucopia of the European Project of Ice Coring in Antarctica: the oldest Antarctic ice core" (Press release). Alfred-Wegener-Institut. 13 January 2005. Archived from the original on 3 January 2006.
- ^ Abdelkrim Agabi; Eric Aristidi; Max Azouit; Eric Fossat; Francois Martin; Tatiana Sadibekova; Jean Vernin; Aziz Ziad (2006). "First whole atmosphere night-time seeing measurements at Dome C, Antarctica". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 118 (840): 344–348. arXiv:astro-ph/0510418. Bibcode:2006PASP..118..344A. doi:10.1086/498728. S2CID 15833099.
- ^ Jon S. Lawrence; Michael C. B. Ashley; Andrei Tokovinin; Tony Travouillon (16 September 2004). "Exceptional astronomical seeing conditions above Dome C in Antarctica" (PDF). Nature. 431 (7006): 278–281. Bibcode:2004Natur.431..278L. doi:10.1038/nature02929. PMID 15372024. S2CID 4388419. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2006. → FAQ by the authors Archived 15 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Vernin, J; Chadid, M; Aristidi, E; Trinquet, H; van der Swaelmen, M (June 2009). "First single star scidar measurements at Dome C, Antarctica". AP. 500 (3): 1271–1276. Bibcode:2009A&A...500.1271V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811119.
- ^ Giordano, C; Vernin, J; Chadid, M; Aristidi, E; Trinquet, H (May 2012). "Dome C Site Characterization in 2006 with Single-Star SCIDAR". PASP. 124 (915): 494–506. Bibcode:2012PASP..124..494G. doi:10.1086/665667.
- ^ Chadid, M; Vernin; Chapellier, E; Trinquet, H; Bono, G (June 2010). "First Antarctica light curve. PAIX monitoring of the Blazhko RR Lyrae star: S Arae". AP. 516: L15. Bibcode:2010A&A...516L..15C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014857.
- ^ Chadid, M; Vernin, J; Preston, G; Zalian, C; et al. (November 2014). "First Detection of Multi-shocks in RR Lyrae Stars from Antarctica: A Possible Explanation of the Blazhko Effect". Astronomical Journal. 148 (5): 88. Bibcode:2014AJ....148...88C. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/148/5/88.
- ^ Crouzet, Nicolas; Guillot, Tristan; Agabi, Karim; Rivet, Jean-Pierre; Bondoux, Erick; et al. (2009). "ASTEP South: An Antarctic Search for Transiting ExoPlanets around the celestial South pole" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics.
- ^ Daban, Jean-Baptiste; et al. (2010). Stepp, Larry M; Gilmozzi, Roberto; Hall, Helen J (eds.). "ASTEP 400: a telescope designed for exoplanet transit detection from Dome C, Antarctica". Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series. Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III. 7733 (Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III): 77334T. Bibcode:2010SPIE.7733E..4TD. doi:10.1117/12.854946. S2CID 122313435.
- ^ "New year's mission to start new phase of exoplanet research". University of Birmingham. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
- ^ "Le climat à Dome C (en °C et mm, moyennes mensuelles 1971/2000 et records dupuis 1990)". Benfxmth.[permanent dead link] Retrieved on 2014-12-12
- ^ "89625: Concordia (Antarctica)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ "89625: Concordia (Antarctica)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 31 January 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?lang=en&ind=89625&ano=2025&mes=3&day=30&hora=7&min=0&ndays=30
External links
[edit]
- (in Italian) Official website Concordia Station
- (in Italian) Official website of the Italian Antarctic Programme
- (in French) Official website IPEV Institut Polaire Français Paul Emile Victor
- (in French) IPEV Concordia Station Archived 16 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- (in English) Chronicles from Concordia – winter over ESA blog
- (in English) Automated Astrophysical Site-Testing International Observatory (AASTINO)[permanent dead link]
- (in English) 1st Winterover at Concordia Station (2005) blog by Guillaume Dargaud, ISAC (Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima)
- (in French) 2nd Winterover at Concordia Station (2006) blog by Eric Aristidi, LUAN (Laboratoire Universitaire d'Astrophysique de Nice)
- (in French) 5th Winterover at Concordia Station (2009), blog by Cyprien Pouzenc, Laboratoire Fizeau (Nice, ex-LUAN), Observatoire Sirene
- COMNAP Antarctic Facilities
- COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map
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