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Healthcare in Italy - Wikipedia Jump to content

Healthcare in Italy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For health in Italy more generally, see Health in Italy.
The entrance of the Emergency Department at Urbino Hospital.

Italy's healthcare system is consistently ranked among the best in the world.[1][2] The Italian healthcare system employs a Beveridge model, and operates on the assumption that health care is a human right that should be provided to everyone regardless of their ability to pay.[3] Life expectancy is the 4th highest among OECD countries (83.4 years in 2018[4]) and the world's 8th highest according to the WHO (82.8 years in 2018[5]). Health care spending accounted for 9.7% of GDP in 2020.[6]

The Italian state has run a universal public healthcare system since 1978.[7] The public part is the Servizio Sanitario Nazionale, which is organised under the Ministry of Health and administered on a devolved regional basis, in consequence of the 2001 Italian constitutional referendum.

One significant issue is the disparity in healthcare access between urban and rural areas, where residents in remote locations often encounter difficulties in obtaining timely medical attention due to a shortage of healthcare professionals and facilities. Additionally, the system grapples with long waiting times for specialist appointments and elective procedures, which can lead to deteriorating health conditions for patients. Financial constraints also pose a challenge, as budget cuts and resource limitations have resulted in reduced services and increased pressure on healthcare workers, contributing to burnout and job dissatisfaction. The aging population in Italy places additional strain on the system, necessitating a greater focus on geriatric care and chronic disease management.

Another significant challenge is the increasing strain on healthcare professionals, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many doctors and nurses are experiencing burnout due to long hours, high patient loads, and insufficient staffing. This situation is exacerbated by a shortage of healthcare workers, which has been a persistent issue in Italy.

History

[edit]

After World War II, Italy re-established its social security system including a social health insurance administered by sickness funds and private insurances. In the 1970s the social health insurance faced severe equity problems as coverage differed between the sickness funds, around 7% of the population remained uninsured, especially in the South. Moreover, sickness funds went practically bankrupt by the mid-1970s. Due to growing public dissatisfaction with the existing healthcare system, Italian policymakers led by the Christian-Democrats instituted structural reform. In 1978, the government established the SSN (Servizio Sanitario Nazionale or National Health Service) including universal coverage for the whole population financed through tax funding, while private health continued to exist but was reserved for those who were willing to pay for extra services or services not offered by the SSN, such as dentistry or psychology.[8]

National Health Service

[edit]
An Italian National Health Service card

The National Health Service was created in 1978.[9] Healthcare is provided to all citizens and residents by a mixed public-private system. The public part is the national health service, Servizio Sanitario Nazionale (SSN), which is organized under the Ministry of Health and is administered on a regional basis. The state sets the Essential Levels of Careit that each region must guarantee by law to all its inhabitants. By 2023, healthcare expenditure accounted for 80% of the total budget of Italian regions.[10] The public fund allocation for the National Health Service fund for 2014 was 109,902 billion euros.[11] Family doctors are entirely paid by the SSN, must offer visiting time at least five days a week and have a limit of 1500 patients. Patients can choose and change their GP, subject to availability. Prescription drugs can be acquired only if prescribed by a doctor. If prescribed by the family doctor, they are generally subsidized, requiring only a copay that depends on the medicine type and on the patient's income (in many regions all the prescribed drugs are free for the poor). Over-the-counter drugs are paid out-of-pocket. Both prescription and over-the-counter drugs used to be sold only in licensed shops (farmacia), although a 2006 law decree liberalised the sale of over-the-counter drugs in supermarkets and other shops (parafarmacia). In a sample of 13 developed countries, Italy was sixth in its population-weighted usage of medication in 14 classes in 2009 and fifth in 2013. The drugs studied were selected on the basis that the conditions treated had a high incidence, prevalence and/or mortality, caused significant long-term morbidity, incurred high levels of expenditure and significant developments in prevention or treatment had been made in the last 10 years. The study noted considerable difficulties in cross-border comparison of medication use.[12]

The Civil Hospital of Legnano.

Visits by specialist doctors or diagnostic tests are provided by public hospitals or by private ones with contracts to provide services through the national health service, and if prescribed by the family doctor require only a copay (of the order of $40 for a visit without any diagnostic test) and are free for the poor. Waiting times are usually up to a few months in the big public facilities and up to a few weeks in the small private facilities with contracts to provide services through the national health service, though the referring doctor can shorten the waiting times of the more urgent cases by prioritising them.[13]

Physicians who are salaried by the State within the National Health Service can also engage in freelance practice, charging as private practitioners (the socalled intra moenia). This generates a clear conflict of interest for the management of waiting lists in the national health care system because private practice takes away the availability of services from those who wish to use public health care, in the absence of the financial possibility of paying for the service from private.[14] Against this problem, on 4 June 2024, the Meloni government passed a decree which provides for the obligation for doctors of the National Health Service to carry out a lower number of hours of independent profession (intra moenia) than those of ordinary activity.[15]

The intra moenia had been introduced by former Health Minister Rosy Bindi to remove people from private facilities and return them to public ones, and to regulate the professional fees of medical specialists. Management had been entrusted to the individual regions.[16]

Italian citizens are often forced to turn to private healthcare service to carry out visits with specialist doctors and diagnostic tests, even urgently prescribed by their family doctors, since the waiting lists are too long and the first availability date in public hospitals is too further in time. In June 2024 the Meloni government introduced the opening of specialist doctors' clinics and facilities that carry out diagnostic tests on Saturdays and Sundays. It has also created a single telephone number at the regional level which brings together the availability of public and private health facilities accredited by the National Health System; for those who do not show up for the booked specialist visit/examination, without cancelling at least two days in advance, it has established that the payment of the ticket for the related health service will be paid in a reduced form.[17]

Performance

[edit]
San Gerardo Hospital of Monza

The Italian National Outcomes Programme (in Italian: Programma Nazionale Esiti) permits the measurement of variation in the quality and outcomes of care by region, which is very considerable. It is published annually by the National Agency for Regional Health Services (Agenzia Nazionale per i Servizi Sanitari Regionali, Agenas).[18] So, for example, in 2016 the proportion of patients receiving coronary angioplasty within 48 hours of a heart attack varies from about 15% in some regions, such as Marche, Molise and Basilicata to nearly 50% in the northern regions Valle d'Aosta and Liguria. Measured at Local Health Authority level, the levels varied between 5% and more than 60%. This geographic variability was the greatest of any of the 11 countries studied by the OECD. There is evidence of internal patient movement probably driven by a search for better quality care generally from the poorer and less developed southern regions to the more prosperous north.[19]

According to the C.R.E.A. Sanità report entitled "Maintenance or Transformation: public intervention in healthcare at a crossroads", presented in January 2025 at the headquarters of the Cnel in Rome, only 20% of citizens pay more in taxes than that they receive in services from the National Health Service. There is a shortfall of €40 billion to bring the system into line with European Union levels.[20]

Family physician

[edit]
Total health spending as a percentage of GDP in Italy compared with other developed nations in the period 2005–2008

The family physician, also called a general practitioner or primary care physician (in Italian: medico di medicina generale, medico di base, medico di famiglia), is legally qualified as a private freelancer who practices in agreement with the Italian National Health System. He is remunerated in proportion to the number of patients assisted, with a maximum limit of around 1500 patients per physician, as established by law. Until the age of 14 people have the right to choose a pediatrician (in Italian: pediatra di libera scelta), who is remunerated like the family physician. Any person, including immigrants and homeless people, has the right to choose a unique pediatrician or family physician, and to change it at any moment.

The main tasks of a family physician main tasks are to prescribe drugs, diagnostic tests and specialist examinations, arrange hospitalisation for emergency medicine, and to visit patients at home if they are unable to physically go to his ambulatory room (within the municipality of residence of the doctor's office). In addition, the family doctor issues various certificates with legal validity, such as a disease certificate to justify absences from the workplace and to be paid by the National Institute for Social Security.

They are responsible for the costs of renting or purchasing and running the premises in which they practise, as well as the remuneration of any collaborators such as a secretary or a nurse. Usually, since the early 2000s, family doctors have worked in associated clinic romms where there are multiple general practitioners and sometimes also specialists, in order to provide a better healthcare service and to share and limit the impact of operating expenses.

The family doctor has a six-year degree in medicine, which is common to hospital doctors, out-of-hours service physicians and all medical specialities. At the end of this, he is obliged to attend a three-year specialisation course in general medicine that includes theoretical and practical activities (first aid, local emergency services, paediatrics, work experience in a general medical practice already operating in the relevant area.) and a final thesis.[21]

While the six-year degree in medicine must be obtained from a public university, the three-year specialisation is provided by the professional association. Both of them are limited to a fixed maximum number of annual inscriptions.[22][23]

Homeless people do not have a legal right to a family physician because they do not have a]domicile or a primary residence, requested by law for this basic service.[24]

Nurses

[edit]

As of 2025, Italy is one of the European countries with the lowest ratio of nurses to hospitalised patients. To meet this need, various regions have begun to draw on professionals from abroad: Lombardy with Argentine nurses, while others have turned to Paraguay, Albania and Indonesia. Minister Schillaci has planned to hire some of the 3 million Indian nurses.[25]

Drugs

[edit]

The Italian Medicines Agency authorises the marketing of medicines in Italy for a determined pathology, negotiates market prices with pharmaceutical companies, and establish their possible reimbursement by the National Health Service.[26] In this way, medicines are divided into three categories: medicines paid for entirely by the patient and free medicines that are paid for entirely by the National Health Service. In the latter case, the medicine is provided free of charge by pharmacies without citizens having to pay any money up front, which is then reimbursed by the State. The class related to drugs payed at 50% by citizens and at 50% by the State has been abrogated in 2000.[27]

Citizens may be exempted from paying the ticket for medicines on the basis of age (those aged over 65 or under 6) and family net total incomeit, or in the presence of a chronic pathology.[28]

Homeless people cannot benefit from exemption because they need to have a home for having their net income public certification.it[24]

Citizens can choose between a generic drug and the other commercial drugs available in the national market under the same active principle, paying the price difference between those two.[29]

In accordance with the 2025 government budget law, AIFA had to exclude drugs for non-rare diseases such as cardiovascular or degenerative diseases from access to the Innovation Fund, discriminating on the basis of patients' health conditions.[30]

The regions have the power to expand the categories of persons exempted from paying ticket for medicines.[31]

Pharmacies

[edit]

To open a pharmacy in Italy, a licence from the local council is required; local councils therefore have the power to limit the minimum and maximum number of pharmacies in relation to the number of residents and in compliance with the legal limits set at national level.

Pharmacies can be public or private. Examples of public pharmacies are those established in hospitals and municipal pharmacies, which may be jointly owned by private entities, such as the pharmacists who work within the facility.

The Bersani-Visco Decreeit ended the monopoly of pharmacies in the sale of non-prescription drugs, authorising their sale in supermarkets as well.[32]

Legislative Decree No. 153 of 3 October 2009 introduced the "Farmacia dei Servizi" (Service Pharmacy) operating model in Italy.[33] Pharmacies are no longer seen solely as places for the distribution of medicines, but as local centres for contact and coordination between general practitioners, paediatricians and hospitals.[34]

Article 25 of the 2025 Simplification Bill expands the range of services that can be provided by pharmacies:[34][35]

The Regions can expand the range of services offered: for example, some of them have provided for the collection of faecal samples for colorectal cancer screening.[38][39]

Emergency medicine

[edit]
Main article: Emergency medical services in Italy
An ambulance and its crew in Modena

The emergency medical services in Italy currently consist primarily of a combination of volunteers and private companies providing ambulance service, supplemented by physicians and nurses who perform all Advanced Life Support procedures.

The primary emergency telephone number for emergency medical service in Italy is still 118. Emergency medical service is always free of charge.

First aid is provided by all the public hospitals: for urgent cases it is completely free of charge for everyone (even for an undocumented non-citizen[40]), while a copay (about $35) is sometimes asked for non-urgent cases.

Rise of the private sector

[edit]

Persistent issues like long waiting times for non-emergency services have driven a notable shift toward private health insurance (VHI) as a complementary or supplementary option. This trend has accelerated in recent years, fueled by post-pandemic backlogs, an aging population, and regional disparities in public service delivery.[41]

Key drivers

[edit]

The SSN's waiting lists are a major pain point, particularly for specialist visits, diagnostic tests, and elective surgeries. While emergencies are handled promptly, non-urgent care often faces delays due to staff shortages, funding constraints, and high demand from Italy's aging population (one of Europe's oldest, with over 24% over age 65).[42]

In public facilities, waits can stretch from a few weeks to several months. For instance:

  • Neurological visits: 10 months.
  • Eye examinations: 8 months.
  • General specialist appointments: 2–6 months.
  • In extreme cases, like Rome's hospitals in early 2024, over 1,100 patients awaited admission in emergency departments alone.[43]

In 2023, waiting times contributed to 4.5 million Italians forgoing treatment due to delays or costs. Regional variations are stark—northern regions like Lombardy often fare better than the south, but national averages have worsened post-COVID, with output in outpatient services dropping compared to 2019 levels.[44]

These delays push many—especially middle- and upper-income households—toward private options for faster access, better amenities, better resources, and more provider choice.

Private health insurance in Italy remains supplementary (covering extras like private rooms, modern faculties, or faster access) rather than duplicative, with low overall penetration compared to peers like Germany (where VHI covers ~11% of spending). However, adoption is growing steadily, driven by waiting times and corporate welfare programs.[45]

Growth drivers

[edit]

From 2006–2019, VHI prevalence rose from 19% to 25.3%, linked to public spending stagnation (down from 6.5% of GDP in 2006 to ~6.3% in 2023). By 2024, private healthcare already accounts for ~40% of total spending, with revenues growing 5.5% annually (led by elderly care facilities at +14%).

Following the introduction of supplementary pensions in Italy in 1993,[46] private pension funds linked to various national and private companies' collective agreements for employees and freelancers began to provide healthcare services - mainly, diagnostics and specialist examinations- at affiliated private facilities. The amount of healthcare benefits covered depends on the pension contributions that companies, public bodies and/or individual workers pay into the fund each year.[citation needed]

By 2025, the share of Italian households' healthcare expenditure covered by private health insurance will settle at around 7-8%[47]. Private pension funds ruled by collective and company agreements cease insurance coverage when the employee retires and, given their age, would no longer need it.[47]

Challenges and criticism

[edit]

The Italian healthcare system faces significant challenges, primarily due to its aging infrastructure. Many hospitals are operating in facilities that are not only outdated but also ill-equipped to handle the increasing demands of a growing population. This deterioration often results in cramped conditions, where patients are placed in close proximity to one another, leading to concerns about privacy and the potential spread of infections.[48] The physical limitations of these hospitals hinder the delivery of effective care, as medical staff struggle to navigate through overcrowded corridors and inadequate spaces designed for patient treatment.[49]

One of the primary issues is the disparity in healthcare access between different regions. While northern regions, such as Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, often boast efficient healthcare services, southern regions like Calabria and Sicily struggle with underfunding and inadequate infrastructure. This uneven distribution of resources leads to significant variations in health outcomes, with residents in less affluent areas experiencing longer wait times for treatments and a lack of specialized medical services.[50]

In addition to infrastructural issues, the quality of care is further compromised by a lack of training among healthcare professionals. Many practitioners may not have access to the latest medical advancements or continuing education opportunities, which can lead to outdated practices being employed in patient care. This gap in training not only affects the confidence and competence of healthcare workers but also diminishes the overall standard of care that patients receive. As a result, there is a growing concern regarding the ability of the healthcare system to provide safe and effective treatment to those in need. Moreover, the prevailing poor standards of healthcare in Italy can be attributed to systemic inefficiencies and bureaucratic hurdles that plague the system. Patients often experience long wait times for appointments and procedures, which can exacerbate health issues and lead to further complications. The combination of these factors creates an environment where the quality of healthcare is inconsistent, leaving many individuals dissatisfied and seeking alternatives to the private sector.[51]

The bureaucratic complexities within the Italian healthcare system contribute to inefficiencies and frustrations for both patients and providers. The process of navigating through various levels of administration can be cumbersome, often resulting in delays in service delivery. Patients frequently encounter obstacles when attempting to access necessary treatments or medications, which can lead to deteriorating health conditions. Addressing these systemic issues requires comprehensive reforms aimed at streamlining processes, improving resource allocation, and ensuring equitable access to healthcare services across the country.[52]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The World Health Organization's ranking of the world's health systems". Photius.com. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
  2. ^ "Italy's Struggling Economy Has World's Healthiest People". Bloomberg.com. 2017-03-20. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
  3. ^ Butticè, Claudio (2019). Universal health care. Health and medical issues today. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. ISBN 978-1-4408-6844-3.
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  33. ^ "Decreto legislativo 3 ottobre 2009, n. 153" (in Italian).
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  35. ^ "Bill S. 1184 bis". Italian Senate.
  36. ^ a b "In farmacia non solo medicine: anche Ecg, visite e vaccini per tagliare le liste d'attesa" (in Italian). 9 October 2025.
  37. ^ "Vaccinazioni Herpes, Hpv e pneumococco in farmacia, accreditato nuovo corso Ecm - Farmacista33". www.farmacista33.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2025-10-09.
  38. ^ "Tuscany".
  39. ^ "Liguria".
  40. ^ "Assistenza Sanitaria Per Cittadini Stranieri". Prefettura.it (in Italian). Ministero dell'interno. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  41. ^ Maietti, Elisa; Sanmarchi, Francesco; Toth, Federico; de Pietro, Carlo; Fantini, Maria Pia; Golinelli, Davide (2023-05-29). "Changes in private health service utilisation and access to the Italian National Health Service between 2006 and 2019: a cross-sectional comparative study". BMJ open. 13 (5) e070975. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070975. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 10230335. PMID 37247961.
  42. ^ "Italy Health Insurance Market Size | Industry Report, 2030". www.grandviewresearch.com. Retrieved 2025-10-08.
  43. ^ www.euronews.com https://www.euronews.com/health/2024/01/03/italian-hospitals-collapse-over-1100-patients-waiting-to-be-admitted-in-rome. Retrieved 2025-10-08. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  44. ^ FIRSTonline, Redazione (2024-06-05). "Private healthcare grows with waiting lists, already accounts for 40%. Mediobanca: "For public healthcare, Italy spends less than the big EU"". FIRSTonline. Retrieved 2025-10-08.
  45. ^ De Rosis, Sabina; Guidotti, Elisa; Zuccarino, Sara; Venturi, Giulia; Ferré, Francesca (2020-08-01). "Waiting time information in the Italian NHS: A citizen perspective". Health Policy. 124 (8): 796–804. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.05.012. ISSN 0168-8510.
  46. ^ Steps of supplementary pensions in Italy
  47. ^ a b Andrea Pauri (October 9, 2025). "Sanità integrativa, ora la riforma per sostenere il Servizio sanitario nazionale e rafforzare la prevenzione" (in Italian).
  48. ^ "Re: Strikes and a healthcare system on its knees: Italy's start to 2024". 2025-10-08. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  49. ^ Europe, The Lancet Regional Health- (2025-01-01). "The Italian health data system is broken". The Lancet Regional Health – Europe. 48. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101206. ISSN 2666-7762.
  50. ^ Ficara, Marta (2024-11-06). "Healthcare access in Southern Italy: the challenges faced by migrant communities". Intersos. Retrieved 2025-10-08.
  51. ^ Naghavi, Mohsen; Zamagni, Giulia; Abbafati, Cristiana; Armocida, Benedetta; Agodi, Antonella; Alicandro, Gianfranco; Barbic, Franca; Barchitta, Martina; Bauckneht, Matteo; Beghi, Massimiliano; Bugiardini, Raffaele; Capodici, Angelo; Carletti, Claudia; Carreras, Giulia; Carugno, Andrea (2025-04-01). "State of health and inequalities among Italian regions from 2000 to 2021: a systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021". The Lancet Public Health. 10 (4): e309 – e320. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00045-3. ISSN 2468-2667.
  52. ^ PL (2023-08-22). "Italy Warns about Lack of Funds for Healthcare System". Periodico26. Todos Los Derechos Reservados. Fundado El 15 De Marzo De 2000. Optimizado Para: Firefox, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome Y Opera. Autorizamos La Reproducción De Trabajos De Este Medio, Siempre Que Sea De Forma Íntegra Y Se Cite La Fuente. . ISSN:1606-4984. Retrieved 2025-10-08.
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