Kagwahiva language

Kawahíva
Kawahíva
Tupi–Guarani subgroup VI
Kawahib
Native to	Brazil
Region	Mato Grosso and Rondônia
Ethnicity	(see varieties below)
Native speakers	560 (2024)
Language family	Tupian Tupí–Guaraní Kawahib Kawahíva; ; ;
Dialects	Tenharim; Diahoi; Parintintin; Juma; Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau; Amondawa; Karipuna; Piripkura; ?Tukumanfed † (unattested); Paranawat †; Morerebi (unattested); Capivarí †; ?Apiaka–Wirafed (†) (may be distinct); Ipotewát †; Takwatíp †; ?Jabotiféd † (unattested); ?Mialat † (unattested);
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously:; pah – Tenharim–Parintintín; urz – Uru-eu-wau-wau; kuq – Karipuná (confuses Kawahib with Jau-Navo); jua – Júma; xmo – Morerebi; tkf – ? Tukumanféd (unattested); paf – Paranawát; adw – Amondawa
Glottolog	kawa1296

Kawahíva (Kawahíb, Kagwahib) is a Tupi–Guarani dialect cluster of Brazil.

The Tenharim (self-designation, Pyri 'near, together'), Parintintín, Jiahúi, Amondawa, Karipúna,^[a] Uru-eu-wau-wau (self-designation Jupaú), Piripkúra, and Capivarí all call themselves Kawahíva. Their speech is mutually intelligible, and also similar with other languages or dialects now extinct. The closest Tupí-Guaraní language seems to be Apiaká,^[2] spoken in Mato Grosso.

Varieties

There are different internal classifications of the pan-Kawahíwa, which differ in, e.g., whether Kayabí and Apiaká should be included as part of the dialectal cluster. The one listed in Aguilar (2013, 2018) follows:^[3]^[4]

Kawahíwa
- Northern
  - Parintintin [pt]
  - Tenharim [pt]
  - Diahói [pt]
  - Juma
- Southern
  - Jupaú (Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau)
  - Amondawa
  - Karipuna [pt]
  - Apiaká
  - Kayabí (Kawaiwete)
  - Piripkura [pt]
  - isolated groups^{[clarification needed]}

Languages spoken in north-central Rondônia are Karipúna, Uru-eu-wau-wau (Jupaú), Amondawa, and unidentified varieties by some isolated groups. Languages spoken in northeastern Mato Grosso and southern Pará are Apiaká, Kayabí, Piripkúra, and unidentified varieties by some isolated groups.

Phonology

Phonemic inventory of the Tenharim dialect:^[5]

Vowels
	Front	Central	Back
High	i ĩ	ɨ ɨ̃	u ũ
Mid	e ẽ		o õ
Low		a ã

/a, ã/ are heard as [ə, ə̃] in unstressed syllables.

Consonants
	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	plain	labial	Glottal
Nasal	m	n	ɲ	ŋ	ŋʷ
Stop/Affricate	p	t	t͡ʃ	k	kʷ	ʔ
Fricative	β					h
Rhotic		ɾ

/ɲ/ can be heard as [j] when in unstressed positions.
/β/ can also be heard as [w].

Notes

^ not to be confused with either the Panoan group or the Carib-based creole spoken in the state of Amapá, which have the same name.

References

^ Nascimento dos Santos, Wesley (September 18, 2024). "Kawahíva (Brazil) – Language Snapshot". Language Documentation and Description. doi:10.25894/LDD.2549. ISSN 2756-1224.
^ Hammarström, Harald (September 2015). "Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: A comprehensive review: Online appendices". Language. 91 (3): s1 – s188. doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0049. ISSN 1535-0665.
^ Aguilar, Ana Maria Gouveia Cavalcanti (2018). "Kawahíwa como uma unidade linguística". Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica (in Portuguese). 9 (1): 139–161. doi:10.26512/rbla.v9i1.19529.
^ Aguilar, A. M. G. C. 2013. Contribuições Etnolinguísticas e Histórico-Comparativas para os estudos sobre os povos e as línguas Kawahíwa. Tese (Exame de Qualificação de Doutorado), PPGL/UnB.
^ Sampaio, Wany Bernadete de Araujo (1997). Estudo comparativo sincrônico entre o Parintintin (Tenharim) e o Uru-eu-uau-uau (Amondava): contribuições para uma revisão na classificação das línguas Tupi-Kawahib (PDF). Universidade Estadual de Campinas.

External links

Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Tenharim". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Júma". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
Portal Japiim (online dictionary)

[2] t to be confused with either the Panoan group or the Carib-based creole spoken in the state of Amapá, which have the same name.

[1] Nascimento dos Santos, Wesley (September 18, 2024). "Kawahíva (Brazil) – Language Snapshot". Language Documentation and Description. doi:10.25894/LDD.2549. ISSN 2756-1224.

[3] Hammarström, Harald (September 2015). "Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: A comprehensive review: Online appendices". Language. 91 (3): s1 – s188. doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0049. ISSN 1535-0665.

[4] Aguilar, Ana Maria Gouveia Cavalcanti (2018). "Kawahíwa como uma unidade linguística". Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica (in Portuguese). 9 (1): 139–161. doi:10.26512/rbla.v9i1.19529.

[5] Aguilar, A. M. G. C. 2013. Contribuições Etnolinguísticas e Histórico-Comparativas para os estudos sobre os povos e as línguas Kawahíwa. Tese (Exame de Qualificação de Doutorado), PPGL/UnB.

[6] Sampaio, Wany Bernadete de Araujo (1997). Estudo comparativo sincrônico entre o Parintintin (Tenharim) e o Uru-eu-uau-uau (Amondava): contribuições para uma revisão na classificação das línguas Tupi-Kawahib (PDF). Universidade Estadual de Campinas.

[1]

[a]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

Varieties

Phonology

Notes

References

Further reading

External links