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NobelPrize.org

History, knowledge and growth in economic sciences

More theories that altered economic sciences

Fighting repression

More peace laureates that changed the world

More reading

  • Nobel Prize in Literature 2002

    Imre Kertész

    “for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history”
    Imre Kertész delivering his banquet speech.
  • Nobel Prize in Literature 2009

    Herta Müller

    “who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed”
    Herta Müller delivering her Nobel Lecture at the Swedish Academy
  • Nobel Prize in Literature 2004

    Elfride Jelinek

    “for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society’s clichés and their subjugating power”
    Nobel diploma
  • Nobel Prize in Literature 1969

    Samuel Beckett

    “for his writing, which – in new forms for the novel and drama – in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation”
    Samuel Beckett's Nobel diploma

3 literature prizes that impacted the world

Making molecules

More discoveries in chemistry

Delve deeper – Nobel Prize lectures in physics

More advances that changed physics

Nobel Prizes and the immune system

  • Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996

    Double-checking cells

    “for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence.”
  • Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960

    Raising self-awareness

    What prevents the immune system from attacking any cells and tissues that belong to its host?
  • Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908

    Multiple lines of defence

    They revealed how our internal defence system is armed with more than one protection tactic.
  • Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011

    The gatekeepers of the immune system

    The immune system has an incredible ability to detect enemies of all kinds swiftly and to launch a suitable counterattack. But how does it all work?
    Portrait of Professor Ralph M. Steinman
  • Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901

    Passive aggressive treatment

    Emil von Behring’s method of treatment, passive serum therapy, became an essential remedy for diphtheria, saving many thousands of lives every year.
    Emil von Behring

More Nobel Prize-awarded work in medicine

Women who changed science

The unseen enemy: navigating antimicrobial resistance

The hunt is on to find new antibiotics with the potential to save millions of lives.
Read more

Antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, 3d illustration.

Credit: Christoph Burgstedt/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

Listen to the podcast series Nobel Prize Conversations

David Baker: a true believer in collaboration

The 2024 chemistry laureate believes that progress in science is made by working together and sharing ideas. Listen to him talk about how he sees mentoring as one of the most essential parts of his job.

David Baker

Geoffrey Hinton on the dangers of AI

Hear the 2024 physics laureate talk about the development of AI, his fascination with understanding the human brain and how his family legacy of successful scientists put pressure on Hinton to follow in their footsteps.

Geoffrey Hinton

For curious learners

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930

Finding the key to safe blood transfusions

Today, we take it for granted that people have different blood types. But not so long ago, it was believed that all blood was the same – a fatal misunderstanding. 
Read more

Close up of A positive blood in bag.

Credit: ER Productions Limited/Getty Images

Family matters

Meet the families with Nobel Prizes.
Read the story

Aage Bohr and Niels Bohr on the occasion of the defence of Aage's doctoral thesis, 1954.

Photo: Niels Bohr Archive, Copenhagen.

Nobel Prize-awarded breakthroughs

A century of life-changing discoveries

Electronic devices help us in our daily lives, while innovations in medicine make life more manageable for people with chronic conditions.
Read more

An icon in the world of modern science

Marie Curie is the only individual to receive the Nobel Prize in two different science categories.
Read her story

50 years on: discover the 1975 Nobel Prizes

Medicine

Insights into how cancer can arise

David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard Temin showed how the virus does its job, the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell.
A man in a lab

11 prizes that help us understand and value our Earth

From understanding climate change to using AI to better protect our planet.
Read more

An unrelenting opposition to Earth’s most dangerous weapons

A number of Nobel Prize laureates have worked to highlight the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons and to strengthen international efforts to ban testing. 
Read more