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List of countries by government debt

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100% or more, 75%–100%, 50%–75%, 25%–50%, less than 25%, no data. Total (gross) government debt as a percent of GDP by IMF in 2024.
General government debt in OECD (% of GDP)

This article contains a list of countries by government debt. Gross government debt is government financial liabilities that are debt instruments.[1]: 81  A debt instrument is a financial claim that requires payment of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor in the future. Examples include debt securities (such as bonds and bills), loans, and government employee pension obligations.[1]: 207  Net debt equals gross debt minus financial assets that are debt instruments.[1]: 208, s7.243  Net debt estimates are not always available since some government assets are difficult to value, such as loans made at concessional rates.[1]: 208–209, s7.246 

Changes in government debt over time reflect primarily borrowing due to past government deficits.[2] A deficit occurs when a government's expenditures exceed revenues.[3][1]: 79–82 

In the list below, government debt is measured for the general government sector because the level of government responsible for programs (for example, health care) differs across countries, and the general government comprises central, state, provincial, regional, and local governments, and social security funds.[1]: 18, s2.58, s2.59 

To make the numbers comparable across countries of different sizes, government debt is measured as a percentage of a country's gross domestic product (GDP). For context on the magnitude of the debt numbers, European Union member countries have an agreement, the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP), to maintain a general government gross debt of no more than 60% of GDP.[4] The aim of the SGP is to prevent excessive debt burdens.[5]

Government debt as a percentage of GDP in percentage points

[edit]

When data is not available, numbers are International Monetary Fund (IMF) staff estimates.

General government debt-to-GDP ratio in %
Country and region General government
gross debt (2025)[6] 		Gross debt
(2022)[7] 		Net debt
(2021)[8]
Albania 54.3 67.581 64.1
Algeria 57.8 52.397 51.9
Andorra 32.0 38.788
Angola 64.5 67.050
Antigua and Barbuda 63.4 90.562
Argentina 73.1 84.466
Armenia 54.5 49.273
Aruba 71.1 92.004
Australia 50.9 55.702 34.6
Austria 82.9 77.786 60.6
Azerbaijan 21.0 20.675
Bahamas 79.4 89.414
Bahrain 141.4 117.587
Bangladesh 40.3 39.088
Barbados 97.7 120.781 134.3
Belarus 42.9 39.753
Belgium 106.4 105.270 93.7
Belize 59.5 64.141
Benin 52.5 52.386
Bhutan 102.9 124.795
Bolivia 92.4 82.616 70.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina 33.8 29.556 22.0
Botswana 43.0 19.949 14.2
Brazil 92.0 85.906 57.2
Brunei Darussalam 2.2 2.063
Bulgaria 28.0 21.844 13.7
Burkina Faso 50.2 54.309
Burundi 35.3 68.300
Cape Verde 109.6 127.407 130.5
Cambodia 29.1 36.533
Cameroon 39.9 46.432 44.1
Canada 112.5 106.590 31.6
Central African Republic 58.3 50.687
Chad 33.9 50.367
Chile 43.0 37.977 20.1
China 96.3 77.097
Colombia 59.7 63.626 56.8
Comoros 32.5 29.064
Democratic Republic of the Congo 16.3 14.580
Republic of the Congo 91.4 99.565
Costa Rica 59.7 63.768
Côte d'Ivoire 58.1 56.750
Croatia 55.9 67.535
Cyprus 60.3 86.501 51.0
Czech Republic 44.2 42.349 26.4
Denmark 26.6 29.658 11.0
Djibouti 31.2 40.614 45.8
Dominica 97.8 104.788
Dominican Republic 58.2 58.919 49.3
Ecuador – 57.303
Egypt 86.6 88.534 84.5
El Salvador 87.9 77.236
Equatorial Guinea 35.1 27.147 29.7
Eritrea – 163.769
Estonia 25.4 17.160 4.4
Eswatini 37.8 45.353 38.0
Ethiopia 41.8 46.372 49.6
Fiji 78.2 92.802 82.2
Finland 86.4 74.807 34.1
France 116.3 111.063 101.1
Gabon 79.2 55.054
Gambia 67.5 83.952
Georgia (country) 35.8 39.772
Germany 65.4 66.535 47.0
Ghana 66.4 88.767 77.3
Greece 142.2 177.434
Grenada 71.4 64.508
Guatemala 27.2 30.127
Guinea 39.6 33.404
Guinea-Bissau 79.4 79.529
Guyana 27.7 27.809 38.4
Haiti 11.8 25.010
Honduras 43.0 50.022
Hong Kong SAR 11.8 4.255
Hungary 73.5 76.351 69.8
Iceland 52.9 68.726 59.5
India 80.4 83.126
Indonesia 41.0 39.934 37.9
Iran 39.9 34.006 36.1
Iraq 50.2 43.300
Ireland 36.7 45.190 50.4
Israel 69.1 60.931 65.1
Italy 137.3 144.696 138.3
Jamaica 64.6 84.124
Japan 234.9 261.289 168.1
Jordan 92.6 89.425 91.8
Kazakhstan 25.4 23.497 -3.3
Kenya 68.3 67.936 62.6
Kiribati 8.8 15.214
South Korea 54.5 54.331 20.9
Kosovo 18.5 19.319
Kuwait 7.4 2.923
Kyrgyz Republic 38.5 53.528
Laos 91.4 128.514
Latvia 48.3 41.609 34.5
Lesotho 59.7 57.907 17.5
Liberia 56.5 55.366 48.6
Lithuania 41.8 39.561 39.8
Luxembourg 26.4 24.305 -10.8
Macau 0.0 0.000
Madagascar 51.3 56.989
Malawi 73.0 70.139
Malaysia 70.1 66.265
Maldives 140.8 114.943
Mali 51.7 53.218 44.8
Malta 49.3 55.829 46.2
Marshall Islands 15.3 21.196
Mauritania 45.7 47.740 48.6
Mauritius 83.4 80.869
Mexico 60.7 56.029 49.9
Micronesia 9.2 14.026
Moldova 36.3 33.523
Mongolia 42.6 82.427
Montenegro 60.3 71.231
Morocco 68.9 68.788 68.4
Mozambique 101.1 104.516
Myanmar 62.6 63.896
Namibia 63.9 71.278 70.8
Nauru 15.2 24.265
  Nepal 49.4 43.830
Netherlands 43.3 48.507 42.8
New Zealand 55.3 52.792 14.5
Nicaragua 38.4 45.956
Niger 43.4 51.076 45.0
Nigeria 52.5 38.017 36.2
North Macedonia 52.9 51.799 52.3
Norway 42.7 39.603 -86.7
Oman 35.4 40.148 25.5
Pakistan 73.6 75.753 67.4
Palau 64.7 -
Panama 58.1 54.892 40.8
Papua New Guinea 52.0 49.193
Paraguay 43.9 40.870 33.4
Peru 33.7 33.373 19.2
Philippines 58.1 57.520
Poland 60.7 49.577 40.8
Portugal 91.8 116.048 120.1
Puerto Rico 18.7 16.312
Qatar 40.5 45.308
Romania 61.6 48.728 42.3
Russia 21.4 19.597
Rwanda 77.6 64.425
Saint Kitts and Nevis 60.2 64.752
Saint Lucia 73.6 83.484
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 93.5 86.799
Samoa 22.5 43.727
San Marino 64.1 81.166
São Tomé and Príncipe 37.3 58.099
Saudi Arabia 34.8 22.573 17.7
Senegal 111.4 74.970
Serbia 44.4 53.539 52.6
Seychelles 59.3 63.427 62.4
Sierra Leone 44.3 98.848
Singapore 174.9 134.159
Slovakia 60.1 58.821 51.3
Slovenia 68.0 70.245 49.5
Solomon Islands 23.7 16.853 7.3
South Africa 79.6 71.016 63.2
South Sudan 63.2 39.639 64.6
Spain 100.6 111.978 102.8
Sri Lanka – 117.661 -
Sudan 252.0 127.552 -
Suriname 86.6 123.158 -
Sweden 33.7 31.686 8.5
 Switzerland 36.9 39.122 21.6
Taiwan 24.0 27.465 26.5
Tajikistan 28.4 34.631 -
Tanzania 47.1 41.622 -
Thailand 64.5 60.542 -
Timor-Leste 13.9 7.490 -
Togo 69.5 68.037 -
Tonga 44.1 46.581
Trinidad and Tobago 67.8 53.750 11.5
Tunisia 82.9 79.364
Turkey 26.7 31.178 33.8
Turkmenistan 4.5 5.186
Tuvalu 3.3 7.587
Uganda 54.0 50.834
Ukraine 110.0 81.693
United Arab Emirates 32.8 29.958
United Kingdom 103.9 102.636 84.3
United States 122.5 121.683 99.6
Uruguay 68.5 61.000 54.7
Uzbekistan 33.0 34.295
Vanuatu 48.5 45.752
Venezuela – 157.809
Vietnam 33.6 37.091
Palestinian territories – 59.776
Yemen 71.2 73.531 69.3
Zambia – - 117.5
Zimbabwe 58.6 92.824

Public debt per capita

[edit]
Public debt per capita (2017)
Country (PPP)
[9][10][11] 		(Forex)
[9][10][12] 		Other
year
 Japan * $102,503 $91,768
 Singapore * $97,852 $60,016
 Qatar * $77,278 $37,990
 Greece * $50,562 $33,905
 Italy * $49,060 $41,056
 Ireland * $47,822 $44,871
 Belgium * $47,291 $44,119
 United States * $46,645 $46,645
 Canada * $44,348 $41,323
 Bahrain * $43,659 $21,673
 France * $41,040 $37,189
 Austria * $39,419 $37,310
 United Kingdom * $39,311 $35,320
 Portugal * $38,127 $26,462
 Bermuda * $37,015 $37,015 2016
 Spain * $35,466 $26,210
 Germany * $33,349 $29,394
 Aruba * $30,674 $19,918 2016
 Netherlands * $30,452 $27,415
 Barbados * $28,001 $26,777
 Finland * $27,111 $27,986
 Switzerland * $26,367 $34,225
 Norway * $25,900 $27,095
 Cyprus * $25,047 $17,103
 Slovenia * $24,939 $17,110
 Luxembourg * $23,582 $23,742
 Israel * $22,922 $25,351
 Malta * $21,746 $14,204
 Antigua and Barbuda * $21,709 $13,796
 Australia * $21,695 $23,990
 Hungary * $21,693 $10,427
 Lebanon * $21,238 $13,039
 Iceland * $21,169 $28,505
 Sweden * $21,048 $21,763
 Kuwait * $20,462 $8,525
 Puerto Rico * $20,360 $16,320
 Bahamas * $19,796 $19,960
 Oman * $19,326 $7,196
 U.S. Virgin Islands * $19,292 $25,819
 Croatia * $18,601 $9,976
 Seychelles * $18,482 $10,068
 Saint Kitts and Nevis * $18,363 $11,420
 Taiwan * $18,027 $8,682
 Denmark * $17,487 $19,784
 Slovakia * $16,798 $8,970
 Andorra * $15,915 $12,973 2016
 Malaysia * $15,873 $5,313
 South Korea * $15,633 $11,830
 Uruguay * $15,241 $11,540
 Poland * $14,829 $6,912
 Equatorial Guinea * $14,783 $5,858
 Trinidad and Tobago * $14,735 $7,834
 San Marino * $14,726 $11,722
 United Arab Emirates * $14,133 $7,769
 Faroe Islands * $13,728 $18,969 2015
 Mauritius * $13,262 $6,253
 New Zealand * $13,180 $14,045
 Brazil * $13,064 $8,265
 Lithuania * $13,000 $6,717
 Egypt * $12,474 $2,450
 Czech Republic * $12,206 $7,007
 Montenegro * $12,122 $5,234
 Argentina * $11,884 $8,217
 Mongolia * $11,701 $3,281
 Maldives * $11,236 $7,335
 Saint Lucia * $10,859 $7,202
 Gabon * $10,847 $4,418
 Mexico * $10,618 $4,962
 Panama * $10,353 $6,150
 Grenada * $10,252 $7,021
 Nauru * $10,235 $7,293
 Latvia * $10,194 $5,724
 Suriname * $10,069 $3,963
 Belarus * $10,055 $3,051
 Bhutan * $9,993 $3,336
 Sri Lanka * $9,663 $3,060
 Iraq * $9,644 $2,858
 Jamaica * $9,360 $5,305
 Serbia * $9,333 $3,658
 Azerbaijan * $9,273 $2,190
 Saudi Arabia * $9,226 $3,569
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * $9,167 $5,688
 Dominica * $8,747 $6,223
 Albania * $8,457 $3,070
 Tunisia * $8,406 $2,439
 Cape Verde * $8,360 $3,931
 Romania * $8,291 $3,634
 Belize * $8,257 $4,757
 Costa Rica * $8,230 $5,713
 Jordan * $8,161 $3,680
 China * $7,878 $4,077
 Iran * $7,802 $2,049
 Guam * $7,631 $7,631
 Turkey * $7,613 $2,966
 Congo * $7,594 $2,253
 Thailand * $7,548 $2,781
 South Africa * $7,342 $3,343
 Colombia * $7,298 $3,225
 Curaçao * $6,912 $12,375 2014
 Dominican Republic * $6,249 $2,748
 Ukraine * $5,970 $1,811
 Chile * $5,952 $3,647
 Cuba * $5,879 $4,024
 North Macedonia * $5,755 $2,109
 Morocco * $5,665 $2,074
 El Salvador * $5,615 $2,723
 Turkmenistan * $5,519 $2,019
 Greenland * $5,437 $5,005 2016
 Ecuador * $5,311 $2,870
 Kazakhstan * $5,311 $1,769
 Gibraltar * $5,203 $5,203 2014
 India * $5,202 $1,429
 Bulgaria * $5,198 $1,928
 Sudan * $5,003 $1,292
 Armenia * $4,990 $2,032
 Venezuela * $4,684 $2,579
 Bosnia and Herzegovina * $4,600 $1,864
 Fiji * $4,555 $2,582
 Guyana * $4,441 $2,510
 Russia * $4,380 $1,721
 Mauritania * $4,347 $1,241
 Laos * $4,338 $1,492
 Namibia * $4,337 $2,159
 Algeria * $4,159 $1,106
 Angola * $4,145 $2,709
 Vietnam * $3,911 $1,329
 Georgia * $3,632 $1,382
 Bolivia * $3,628 $1,637
 Indonesia * $3,562 $1,112
 Peru * $3,488 $1,737
 Ghana * $3,424 $1,201
 Pakistan * $3,420 $983
 Philippines * $3,305 $1,182
 Eswatini * $3,030 $1,154
 Estonia * $3,013 $1,878
 São Tomé and Príncipe * $2,966 $1,699
 Palau * $2,957 $3,271
 Samoa * $2,773 $2,051
 Tonga * $2,666 $2,053
 Zambia * $2,645 $986
 Paraguay * $2,468 $1,081
 Syria * $2,450 $1,199 2016
 Botswana * $2,428 $1,082
 Gambia * $2,336 $623
 Kyrgyzstan * $2,216 $724
 Kosovo * $2,178 $788
 Moldova * $2,173 $876
 Brunei * $2,105 $754
 Eritrea * $2,066 $1,277
 Guatemala * $2,057 $1,126
 Anguilla * $2,024 $2,024 2013
 Zimbabwe * $2,010 $1,035
 Burma * $1,992 $406
 Nicaragua * $1,992 $756
 Honduras * $1,992 $988
 Yemen * $1,913 $813
 West Bank $1,850 $857 2015
 Kenya * $1,833 $887
 Uzbekistan * $1,805 $395
 Senegal * $1,762 $679
 Ivory Coast * $1,739 $724
 Northern Mariana Islands * $1,696 $1,696
 Tajikistan * $1,665 $418
 Papua New Guinea * $1,585 $1,041
 American Samoa * $1,579 $1,579
 Bangladesh * $1,433 $543
 Tuvalu * $1,394 $1,328
 Somalia * $1,392 $480
 Mozambique * $1,391 $472
 Djibouti * $1,309 $730
 Vanuatu * $1,297 $1,462
 Cameroon * $1,289 $504
 South Sudan * $1,229 $188
 Benin * $1,222 $445
 Nigeria * $1,201 $403
 Togo * $1,201 $441
 Cambodia * $1,187 $408
 Sierra Leone * $1,169 $366
 Lesotho * $1,143 $472
 Tanzania * $1,084 $345
 Ethiopia * $1,003 $404
 Chad * $949 $327
 Guinea-Bissau * $932 $397
 Guinea * $894 $328
 Uganda * $873 $261
 Micronesia * $823 $775
 Rwanda * $820 $304
 Mali * $792 $295
 Nepal * $703 $221
 Burkina Faso * $692 $243
 Malawi * $669 $186
 Marshall Islands * $660 $748
 Haiti * $576 $248
 Madagascar * $559 $161
 Kiribati * $546 $474
 Comoros * $520 $257
 Niger * $498 $188
 Liberia * $437 $235
 Libya * $431 $213
 Burundi * $349 $148
 Central African Republic * $312 $178
 Timor-Leste * $213 $80
 Solomon Islands * $189 $185
 DR Congo * $146 $88
 Afghanistan * $139 $41
 Hong Kong * $63 $47
 Falkland Islands * $0 $0 2015
 Macau * $0 $0

Other unfunded mandates

[edit]

Governmental unfunded mandates include state-guaranteed pay-as-you-go pension plans.[13]

Unfunded mandates (2021)[13]
Country Unfunded
mandates
(% of GDP)
 Austria 451
 Belgium 316
 Bulgaria 197
 Croatia 320
 Cyprus 297
 Czech Republic 261
 Denmark 24
 Estonia 315
 Finland 330
 France 398
 Germany 326
 Greece 409
 Hungary 334
 Iceland 98
 Ireland 149
 Italy 434
 Latvia 229
 Lithuania 280
 Luxembourg 355
 Malta 244
 Netherlands 215
 Norway 264
 Poland 296
 Portugal 373
 Romania 378
 Slovakia 232
 Slovenia 387
 Spain 501
 Sweden 191
 Switzerland 232

See also

[edit]

Nation specific

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f International Monetary Fund (2014). "Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014" (PDF).
  2. ^ OECD Data. "General government debt". OECD.org.
  3. ^ OECD Data. "General government deficit". OECD.org.
  4. ^ "Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union – PROTOCOLS – Protocol (No 12) on the excessive deficit procedure".
  5. ^ "Applying the rules of the stability and growth pact".
  6. ^ "General government gross debt". www.imf.org. Retrieved 2024-06-25.
  7. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
  8. ^ International Monetary Fund (October 2022). "World Economic Outlook Database".
  9. ^ a b "Country Comparison :: Population – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on December 18, 2018.
  10. ^ a b "Field Listing :: Public debt – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018.
  11. ^ "Field Listing :: GDP (purchasing power parity) – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019.
  12. ^ "Field Listing :: GDP (official exchange rate) – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019.
  13. ^ a b "Pensions in national accounts, Table 2". Eurostat. 27 September 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2025.
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