Portal:Energy

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Introduction

A plasma globe using electrical energy to create plasma, light, heat, movement, and a faint sound

Energy (from Ancient Greek ἐνέργεια (enérgeia) 'activity') is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light. Energy is a conserved quantity—the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The unit of measurement for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J).

Forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object (for instance due to its position in a field), the elastic energy stored in a solid object, chemical energy associated with chemical reactions, the radiant energy carried by electromagnetic radiation, the internal energy contained within a thermodynamic system, and rest energy associated with an object's rest mass. These are not mutually exclusive.

All living organisms constantly take in and release energy. The Earth's climate and ecosystems processes are driven primarily by radiant energy from the Sun. (Full article...)

Selected article

In 2004, the worldwide energy consumption of the human race was on average 15 terawatts (TW; 1 TW = 1 x 10¹² W) with 86.5% from burning fossil fuels. This is equivalent to 471,000 PJ (1 PJ = 1 x 10¹⁵ J) per year. There is at least 10% uncertainty in these figures due to national variations in tracking consumption, and due to variations in energy content between particular barrels of oil or tons of coal.

The remaining worldwide energy resources are large, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4 YJ (1 YJ = 10²⁴ J) and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ (1 YJ = 10²⁴ J). Mostly thanks to the Sun, the world also has a renewable usable energy flux that exceeds 120 PW (8,000 times 2004 total energy usage), or 3.8 YJ/yr, dwarfing all non-renewable resources.

Despite the abundance of fossil fuels there are a number of pressures that may move the world’s energy consumption to alternative energy sources. These include political considerations over energy security and potential pressure from energy superpowers, environmental concerns related to global warming and sustainability, and economic pressure resulting from energy price rises, carbon emissions trading and green taxation.

This move is already starting to happen in some countries, notably as a result of the Kyoto Protocol, and further steps in this direction are proposed. For example, the European Commission has proposed that the energy policy of the European Union should set a binding target of increasing the maximum level of renewable energy in the EU’s overall mix from less than 7% today to 20% by 2020.

Selected image

Photo credit: NASA/TRACE
Plasma being channeled by the magnetic field loops of a sunspot.

Did you know?

• Samuel Andrews (1836–1904) was an English-born chemist and inventor whose request for investment capital to build an oil refinery in 1862 led to a partnership with John D. Rockefeller and the formation of the Standard Oil companies?

• Golar Spirit (pictured) is the world's first floating storage and regasification vessel converted from a LNG carrier?

• The Rockies Express Pipeline, currently under construction, will be one of the largest natural gas pipelines ever built in North America?

• Syncrude Canada Ltd. is the world's largest producer of synthetic crude oil from oil sands?

• During World War II, Australia produced almost 500,000 barrels of shale oil by operating the Nevada–Texas–Utah type of oil-shale retorts?

• The Sangtuda 1 Hydroelectric Power Plant is expected to provide up to 12% of the total energy output of Tajikistan?

• Gober gas is a biogas generated out of cow dung?

• The scientific-technical journal Oil Shale is the only journal in the world that focuses on oil shale as a main subject?

Selected biography

Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867), an English chemist and physicist, is credited with the discovery of electromagnetic induction, which formed the basis for exploiting electricity as a practical form of energy. His discovery paved the way for the development of generators, induction motors, transformers, and most other electrical machines.

In 1831, Faraday began his great series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction. He established that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field, a relation mathematically modelled by Faraday's law. Faraday later used the principle to construct the electric dynamo, the ancestor of modern power generators. He went on to investigate the fundamental nature of electricity, concluding in 1839 that, contrary to opinions at the time, only a single "electricity" exists, and the changing values of quantity and intensity (voltage and charge) would produce different groups of phenomena.

Some historians refer to Faraday as the best experimentalist in the history of science. Despite this his mathematical ability did not extend so far as trigonometry or any but the simplest algebra. He nevertheless possessed the ability to present his ideas in clear and simple language. During his lifetime, Faraday rejected a knighthood and twice refused to become President of the Royal Society.

In the news

7 October 2025 – 2025 Nobel Prizes, Nobel Prize in Physics

John Clarke, Michel Devoret, and John M. Martinis are jointly awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantization in an electric circuit. (Euronews)

5 October 2025 – 2025 Ecuador protests

Ecuador enforces a state of emergency in ten provinces amid ongoing Indigenous-led protests against the government's removal of a fuel subsidy that increased diesel prices. (AP)

1 October 2025 – Russo-Ukrainian war

The Ukrainian Energy Ministry declares an "emergency situation" at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant as the New Safe Confinement structure meant to prevent radioactive material from spreading into the environment experiences a three-hour power outage due to a Russian drone strike on an energy facility in nearby Slavutych, Kyiv Oblast. (The Kyiv Independent)

29 September 2025 – 2025 Malagasy protests

Madagascar president Andry Rajoelina dismisses Prime Minister Christian Ntsay and his cabinet following protests over electricity and water shortages that left dozens dead and injured, while announcing an interim government until a replacement is appointed. (AP)

28 September 2025 –

A civilian is killed and twelve soldiers are injured during clashes between security forces and Indigenous protesters in Cayambe, Pichincha, Ecuador, over the government’s decision to end a diesel fuel subsidy. (AP)

General images

The following are images from various energy-related articles on Wikipedia.

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  Merowe Dam in Sudan. Hydroelectric power stations that use dams submerge large areas of land due to the requirement of a reservoir. These changes to land color or albedo, alongside certain projects that concurrently submerge rainforests, can in these specific cases result in the global warming impact, or equivalent life-cycle greenhouse gases of hydroelectricity projects, to potentially exceed that of coal power stations. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Example of energy policy decisions: The goal of the Southern Gas Corridor, which connects the giant Shah Deniz gas field in Azerbaijan to Europe, is to reduce Europe's dependency on Russian gas. (from Energy policy)
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  A gas bill from Baltimore, Maryland, 1834, for manufactured coal gas, before the introduction of ground-extracted methane gas. (from Natural gas)
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  North America (from Solar power)
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  Oil refinery in Iran (from Oil refinery)
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  Africa and Middle East (from Solar power)
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  Buildings in the Solar Settlement at Schlierberg, Germany, produce more energy than they consume. They incorporate rooftop solar panels and are built for maximum energy efficiency. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Peoples Gas Manlove Field natural gas storage area in Newcomb Township, Champaign County, Illinois. In the foreground (left) is one of the numerous wells for the underground storage area, with an LNG plant, and above-ground storage tanks are in the background (right). (from Natural gas)
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  Following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the world's worst nuclear accident since 1986, 50,000 households were displaced after radiation leaked into the air, soil and sea. Radiation checks led to bans of some shipments of vegetables and fish. (from Nuclear power)
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  The U.S. and Russia have been the predominant producers of natural gas. (from Natural gas)
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  The launching ceremony of USS Nautilus January 1954. In 1958 it would become the first vessel to reach the North Pole. (from Nuclear power)
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  Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of electricity supply technologies, median values calculated by IPCC (from Nuclear power)
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  Yearly solar generation by continent (from Solar power)
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  The first light bulbs ever lit by electricity generated by nuclear power at EBR-1 at Argonne National Laboratory-West (now the Idaho National Laboratory), December 20, 1951. (from Nuclear power)
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  Jamnagar Refinery, the world's largest oil refinery, in Gujarat, India (from Oil refinery)
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  Sample of gasoline (from Oil refinery)
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  Pile of asphalt-covered aggregate for formation into asphalt concrete (from Oil refinery)
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  The Calder Hall nuclear power station in the United Kingdom, the world's first commercial nuclear power station (from Nuclear power)
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  Schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit as used in petroleum crude oil refineries (from Oil refinery)
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  Global geothermal electric capacity. Upper red line is installed capacity; lower green line is realized production. (from Geothermal power)
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  The nuclear fuel cycle begins when uranium is mined, enriched, and manufactured into nuclear fuel (1), which is delivered to a nuclear power plant. After use, the spent fuel is delivered to a reprocessing plant (2) or to a final repository (3). In nuclear reprocessing, 95% of spent fuel can potentially be recycled to be returned to use in a power plant (4). (from Nuclear power)
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  Sample of diesel fuel (from Oil refinery)
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  Cooling towers at a geothermal power plant in Larderello, Italy
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  The Ikata Nuclear Power Plant, a pressurized water reactor that cools by using a secondary coolant heat exchanger with a large body of water, an alternative cooling approach to large cooling towers (from Nuclear power)
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  A breakdown of the products made from a typical barrel of US oil (from Oil refinery)
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  A photovoltaic power station in California, United States
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  Sample of crude oil (petroleum) (from Oil refinery)
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  Manhole for domestic gas supply, London, UK (from Natural gas)
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  Guri Dam, a hydroelectric dam in Venezuela (from Sustainable energy)
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  Geothermal power center in the Usulután Department, El Salvador (from Geothermal power)
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  Utility cycling infrastructure, such as this bike lane in Vancouver, encourages sustainable transport. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Natural gas processing plant in Aderklaa, Lower Austria (from Natural gas)
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  Russia was a key oil and gas supplier to Europe (map from 2013). This changed with the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. (from Energy policy)
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  Dry cask storage vessels storing spent nuclear fuel assemblies (from Nuclear power)
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  Nuclear waste flasks generated by the United States during the Cold War are stored underground at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in New Mexico. The facility is seen as a potential demonstration for storing spent fuel from civilian reactors. (from Nuclear power)
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  Enhanced geothermal system 1:Reservoir 2:Pump house 3:Heat exchanger 4:Turbine hall 5:Production well 6:Injection well 7:Hot water to district heating 8:Porous sediments 9:Observation well 10:Crystalline bedrock (from Geothermal power)
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  Death rates per unit of electricity production for different energy sources (from Nuclear power)
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  Cracks at the historic Town Hall of Staufen im Breisgau presumed due to damage from geothermal drilling (from Geothermal power)
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  Sample of kerosene (from Oil refinery)
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  Museum Hydroelectric power plant "Under the Town" in Užice, Serbia, built in 1900 (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Yearly geothermal generation by continent (from Geothermal power)
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  Thomas Young - the first to use the term "energy" to refer to kinetic energy in its modern sense, in 1802. (from History of energy)
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  Sulphur (from Oil refinery)
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  Proportions of the isotopes uranium-238 (blue) and uranium-235 (red) found in natural uranium and in enriched uranium for different applications. Light water reactors use 3–5% enriched uranium, while CANDU reactors work with natural uranium. (from Nuclear power)
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  Yearly hydro generation by continent (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Acceptance of wind and solar facilities in one's community is stronger among U.S. Democrats (blue), while acceptance of nuclear power plants is stronger among U.S. Republicans (red). (from Solar power)
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  The Ffestiniog Power Station can generate 360 MW of electricity within 60 seconds of the demand arising. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Deaths caused by use of fossil fuels such as natural gas (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of wind energy, nuclear energy or solar energy (rectangles barely visible in chart). (from Natural gas)
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  Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System with all three towers under load (from Solar power)
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  Part of the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) parabolic trough solar complex in northern San Bernardino County, California (from Solar power)
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  Countries' proven natural gas reserves (2014), based on data from The World Factbook (from Natural gas)
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  Natural gas extraction by countries in cubic meters per year around 2013 (from Natural gas)
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  Cylinders of liquified petroleum gas (from Oil refinery)
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  Wind turbines in Xinjiang, China
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  The Warwick Castle water-powered generator house, used for the generation of electricity for the castle from 1894 until 1940 (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The fractions at the top of the fractionating column have lower boiling points than the fractions at the bottom. The heavy bottom fractions are often cracked into lighter, more useful products. All of the fractions are processed further in other refining units. (from Oil refinery)
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  Several countries and the European Union have committed to dates for all new cars to be zero-emissions vehicles. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Trends in the top five geothermal electricity-generating countries, 1980–2012 (US EIA) (from Geothermal power)
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  Burning of natural gas coming out of the ground (from Natural gas)
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  Refinery of Slovnaft in Bratislava (from Oil refinery)
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  Motor oil (from Oil refinery)
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  World map showing where people without access to electricity lived in 2016⁠—mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent (from Sustainable energy)
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  Pico hydroelectricity in Mondulkiri, Cambodia (from Hydroelectricity)
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  South and South-East Asia (from Solar power)
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  Global energy usage is highly unequal. High income countries such as the United States and Canada use 100 times as much energy per capita as some of the least developed countries in Africa. (from Sustainable energy)
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  The 120-MW_e Nesjavellir power station in southwest Iceland (from Geothermal power)
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  Grangemouth Refinery, in Scotland (from Oil refinery)
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  Baton Rouge Refinery (the sixth-largest in the United States) (from Oil refinery)
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  Natural gas drilling rig in Texas, US (from Natural gas)
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  Actual annual deployments of solar PV vs predictions by the IEA for the period 2002–2016. Predictions have largely and consistently underestimated actual growth. (from Solar power)
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  Activity of spent UOx fuel in comparison to the activity of natural uranium ore over time (from Nuclear power)
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  A geothermal power station in Negros Oriental, Philippines (from Geothermal power)
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  A comparison of levelized cost of energy (LCOE) over time for nuclear power and other sources. While wind turbines and solar panels can be mass-produced and thus enjoy learning curve effects, nuclear are almost always one-of-a-kind projects due to the limited number of reactors being built. The source of this chart, Our World in Data notes that the costs presented here is the global average, and these costs were driven up by 2 projects in the United States. The organization recognises that the median cost of the most exported and produced nuclear energy facility in the 2010s the South Korean APR1400, remained "constant", including in export. (from Nuclear power)
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  Electrified transport and renewable energy are key areas of investment for the renewable energy transition. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Olkiluoto 3 under construction in 2009. It was the first EPR, a modernized PWR design, to start construction. (from Nuclear power)
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  The multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG), used in several space missions such as the Curiosity Mars rover (from Nuclear power)
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  A pipeline odorant injection station (from Natural gas)
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  The Leibstadt Nuclear Power Plant in Switzerland (from Nuclear power)
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  Electricity production by source (from Solar power)
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  Passive cooling features, such as these windcatcher towers in Iran, bring cool air into buildings without any use of energy. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Fire-extinguishing operations after the Texas City refinery explosion (from Oil refinery)
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  Natural gas bus in Salamanca, Spain (from Natural gas)
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  The growth of solar PV on a semi-log scale since 1996 (from Solar power)
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  The Three Gorges Dam in Central China is the world's largest power-producing facility of any kind. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant (from Natural gas)
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  Storage tanks and towers at Shell Puget Sound Refinery (Shell Oil Company), Anacortes, Washington (from Oil refinery)
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  The Hoover Dam in the United States is a large conventional dammed-hydro facility, with an installed capacity of 2,080 MW. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  The oil refinery in Haifa, Israel, is capable of processing about 9 million tons (66 million barrels) of crude oil a year. Its two cooling towers are landmarks of the city's skyline. (from Oil refinery)
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  Construction close to high pressure gas transmission pipelines is discouraged, often with standing warning signs. (from Natural gas)
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  Polyethylene plastic main being placed in a trench (from Natural gas)
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  Nuclear fuel assemblies being inspected before entering a pressurized water reactor in the United States (from Nuclear power)
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  Measurement of the tailrace and forebay rates at the Limestone Generating Station in Manitoba, Canada (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Schematic of the ITER tokamak under construction in France (from Nuclear power)
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  The outdoor section of a heat pump. In contrast to oil and gas boilers, they use electricity and are highly efficient. As such, electrification of heating can significantly reduce emissions. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Refinery, Bayport Industrial Complex, Harris County, Texas (from Oil refinery)
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  The town of Pripyat abandoned since 1986, with the Chernobyl plant and the Chernobyl New Safe Confinement arch in the distance (from Nuclear power)
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  Typical composition of uranium dioxide fuel before and after approximately three years in the once-through nuclear fuel cycle of a LWR (from Nuclear power)
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  Schematics of a grid-connected residential PV power system (from Solar power)
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  Seasonal cycle of capacity factors for wind and photovoltaics in Europe shown under idealized assumptions. The figure illustrates the balancing effects of wind and solar energy at the seasonal scale (Kaspar et al., 2019). (from Solar power)
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  Gas network emergency vehicle responding to a major fire in Kyiv, Ukraine (from Natural gas)
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  Europe (from Solar power)
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  A micro-hydro facility in Vietnam (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Most waste packaging, small-scale experimental fuel recycling chemistry and radiopharmaceutical refinement is conducted within remote-handled hot cells. (from Nuclear power)
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  Reactor decay heat as a fraction of full power after the reactor shutdown, using two different correlations. To remove the decay heat, reactors need cooling after the shutdown of the fission reactions. A loss of the ability to remove decay heat caused the Fukushima accident. (from Nuclear power)
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  By 2025, investment in the energy transition had grown to about twice that for fossil fuels (oil, natural gas and coal). (from Sustainable energy)
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  A sugarcane plantation to produce ethanol in Brazil (from Sustainable energy)
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  Map of solar resources from World bank (from Solar power)
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  Benefitting from favorable policies and declining costs of modules, photovoltaic solar installation has grown consistently. In 2023, China added 60% of the world's new capacity. (from Solar power)
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  Anti-nuclear protest near nuclear waste disposal centre at Gorleben in northern Germany (from Nuclear power)
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  Australia (from Solar power)
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  A parabolic collector concentrates sunlight onto a tube in its focal point. (from Solar power)
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  Since 1985, the proportion of electricity generated from low-carbon sources has increased only slightly. Advances in deploying renewables have been mostly offset by declining shares of nuclear power. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Natural gas burning on a gas stove (from Natural gas)
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  Honda Civic GX, a natural gas-powered automobile sold in North America from 1998 to 2015 (from Natural gas)
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  Neste Oil refinery in Porvoo, Finland (from Oil refinery)
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  Part of the Senftenberg Solarpark, a solar photovoltaic power plant located on former open-pit mining areas close to the city of Senftenberg, in Eastern Germany. The 78 MW Phase 1 of the plant was completed within three months. (from Solar power)
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  South America (from Solar power)
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  Deaths caused as a result of fossil fuel use (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of sustainable energy (rectangles barely visible in chart). (from Sustainable energy)
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  A woman in rural Rajasthan, India, collects firewood. The use of wood and other polluting fuels for cooking causes millions of deaths each year from indoor and outdoor air pollution. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Community solar farm in the town of Wheatland, Wisconsin (from Solar power)
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  Greenhouse gas emissions per energy source. Solar power is one of the sources with the least greenhouse gas emissions. (from Solar power)
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  Oil refinery in Brod, Republika Srpska (from Oil refinery)
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  Kenyan dairy farmer lighting a biogas lamp. Biogas produced from biomass is a renewable energy source that can be burned for cooking or light. (from Sustainable energy)
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  The status of nuclear power globally (click for legend) (from Nuclear power)
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  Anacortes Refinery, on the north end of March Point southeast of Anacortes, Washington, United States (from Oil refinery)
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  China's count of multi-country patent filings has surged since the mid-2010s, leading in batteries and solar, though Europe still dominates in wind energy and smart grids. China also leads in highly cited publications in global peer-reviewed journals. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Clean energy investment has benefited from post-pandemic economic recovery, a global energy crisis involving high fossil fuel prices, and growing policy support across various nations. By 2025, investment in the energy transition had grown to about twice that for fossil fuels (oil, natural gas and coal). (from Sustainable energy)
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  Geothermal generation by country, 2021 (from Geothermal power)
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  The warming influence (called radiative forcing) of long-lived greenhouse gases has increased substantially in the last 40 years, with carbon dioxide and methane being the dominant drivers of global warming. (from Natural gas)
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  For cooking, electric induction stoves are one of the most energy-efficient and safest options. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Hydro generation by country, 2021 (from Hydroelectricity)
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  The location of shale gas compared to other types of gas deposits (from Natural gas)

Quotations

• "Without radical international measures to reduce carbon emissions within the next 10 to 15 years, there is compelling evidence to suggest we might lose the chance to control temperature rises. Failure to act will make an increase of between 2 and 5 degrees [3.6 - 9°F] in average temperatures almost inevitable." – Tony Blair, 2006
• "The question is not whether climate change is happening or not, but whether, in the face of this emergency, we ourselves can change fast enough." – Kofi Annan, 2006
• "I promise you a day will come when our children and grandchildren will look back and they will ask one of two questions. Either they will ask, 'What in God's name were they doing? Didn't they see the evidence?' Or, they may look back and say 'How did they find the uncommon moral courage to rise above politics and redeem the promise of American democracy?'" – Al Gore, 2007, on global warming.

Related portals

WikiProjects

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• WikiProject Energy
• Oil megaprojects task force

Other WikiProjects that may be of interest:

• WikiProject Environment
• WikiProject Technology
• WikiProject Biography

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