Historical Geography

This article explores property and dune cultivation in Late Ottoman and British Mandate Palestine, focusing on Rimāl Yibnā and the al-Nabī Rūbīn/Yavneh-Palmachim dune field on the southeastern Mediterranean coastal plain. It examines native agricultural practices from both synchronous and diachronous perspectives, proposing a framework to bridge the epistemological gap between indigenous typologies of dune agriculture and modern scholarly classifications. The study shows that land improvement among the dunes was not a linear process but a continuous struggle against encroaching sand. Drawing on cadastral maps, land settlement records, oral testimonies, and archaeological and arboreal evidence, it argues that land reclamation in the region expanded significantly following British colonial land tax reform and settlement initiatives in the 1920s–1930s, despite prevailing legal precepts that classified these sandy areas as uncultivable (mawāt). This case provides an important lens through which to assess the interplay of environmental conditions, legal and economic structures, and local sociocultural dynamics in shaping traditional agriculture.

This study examines the transformation of rural settlement in the Shephelah region of Ottoman Palestine as a reflection of communal adaptation to changes in the political and security landscapes. Focusing on Khirbet Drūsye (Horvat Midras), we integrate archaeological evidence with Ottoman fiscal surveys and Sharia court registers to trace the site’s transition from a prosperous Mamluk-era village to a seasonal habitation (ʿizbeh) by the 1550s. This spatial reconfiguration illustrates how rural communities modified their settlement patterns and economic strategies in response to the declining security environment during the Early Ottoman period. The study of Drūsye, alongside other cases in the southern Bilād al-Shām/Levant, highlights not only the diverse ways that settlement systems evolved in response to political and economic pressures but also reveals sophisticated settlement patterns that challenge our understanding of 'permanent' versus 'transient' occupation. More broadly, the case demonstrates the methodological value of combining archaeological and documentary sources to reconstruct historical geographies and understand local responses to imperial transition. Beyond its regional focus, the case of Drūsye demonstrates a more general lesson: rural communities under imperial regimes often developed flexible, hybrid strategies of land use that challenge simple distinctions between permanence and abandonment. Such adaptive patterns have relevance for comparative studies of frontier zones, resilience, and the archaeology of “decline”.

This study examines the transformation of rural settlement in the Shephelah region of Ottoman Palestine as a reflection of communal adaptation to changes in the political and security landscapes. Focusing on Khirbet Drusye (Horvat Midras), we integrate archaeological evidence with Ottoman fiscal surveys and Sharia court registers to trace the site's transition from a prosperous Mamluk-era village to a seasonal habitation (ʿizbeh) by the 1550s. This spatial reconfiguration illustrates how rural communities modified their settlement patterns and economic strategies in response to the declining security environment during the Early Ottoman period. The study of Drusye, alongside other cases in the southern Bilad al-Sham/Levant, highlights not only the diverse ways that settlement systems evolved in response to political and economic pressures but also reveals sophisticated settlement patterns that challenge our understanding of “permanent” versus “transient” occupation. More broadly, the case demonstrates the methodological value of combining archaeological and documentary sources to reconstruct historical geographies and understand local responses to imperial transition. Beyond its regional focus, the case of Drusye demonstrates a more general lesson: rural communities under imperial regimes often developed flexible, hybrid strategies of land use that challenge simple distinctions between permanence and abandonment. Such adaptive patterns have relevance for comparative studies of frontier zones, resilience, and the archaeology of decline.

En este artículo se hace un análisis de la importancia del trabajo de campo como estrategia didáctica en la enseñanza de la geografía y el conocimiento del espacio geográfico, partiendo desde momentos históricos pasados hasta llegar al presente. Se toman en cuenta acontecimientos relevantes ocurridos en el escenario mundial a lo largo del tiempo y que de una u otra forma han tenido marcada influencia en el desarrollo de la geografía y de las actividades de campo, entre ellos, las dos conflagraciones mundiales, el desarrollo de la tecnología satelital y percepción remota, así como el surgimiento de la computación. Se enfatiza en que los trabajos de campo han dado excelentes resultados en pro de la consolidación de la geografía desde los albores de su enseñanza en el ámbito escolar hasta hoy, siendo en Europa implementados por destacados pensadores: Ritter, Ratzel y Vidal de la Blache, en el siglo XIX y, Lacoste y Pierre George en el siglo XX. En Venezuela esta actividad fue bien llevada por naturalistas y geógrafos como Humboldt, Pittier, Pablo Vila, Tamayo y Ramón Tovar entre otros. Se concluye señalando que la inmensidad de recursos naturales que posee Venezuela y el potencial económico que representan para las futuras generaciones, pueden ser bien conocidos, identificados y localizados con la realización del trabajo de campo.

Вторая половина XIX — начало XX в. стали важным периодом в истории зороастрийской общины Ирана, социальное и правовое положение которой кардинально меняется по сравнению с предыдущими сто­летиями. Благодаря финансовым и коммуникационным ресурсам единоверцев в Индии — парсов, кото­рые, в свою очередь, были объектом поддержки британской колониальной машины в X IX в., иранские зороастрийцы сумели не просто улучшить свое положение угнетаемого религиозного меньшинства, но и занять собственную нишу в экономической жизни страны. Во взаимодействии с дипломатическим корпусом евро­пейских государств в Иране и при финансовой поддержке парсийского капитала был предпринят целый ряд мер по отмене ограничений, дискриминирующих зороастрийское религиозное меньшинство. В частности, отмена ограничений на ведение экономической деятельности позволила наиболее предприимчивым представителям общины стать частью цепочки транснациональной торговли стратегически важными товарами, в том числе опиумом. Значительная доля ростовщических операций и международных банковских переводов также постепенно сосредоточилась в руках зороастрийских купцов. Зороастрийская община Ирана сыграла немаловажную роль в интеграции национальной экономики в общемировую систему. Их положение обособленного от мусульманского общества религиозного меньшинства, находившегося, однако, в самом сердце иранского государства, сделало их объектом внимания внешних сил. Коммерческое сотрудничество, во мно­гом отвечавшее британским и парсийским интересам, позволило зороастрийцам Ирана качественно изменить свою роль в экономике страны. Тем не менее взять в свои руки реальные экономические и политические рычаги зороастрийцы Ирана не смогли — в долгосрочной перспективе ни одна из вовлеченных сторон не была заинтересована в их усилении.

La notion de « reconnaissance », ou anagnôrisis, peut offrir un cadre pertinent pour étudier cette dynamique entre l’œuvre et son lecteur. Traditionnellement associée aux scènes de révélation ou de découverte dans la fiction, la reconnaissance peut également être envisagée comme un paradigme herméneutique. Dans cette perspective, le processus par lequel le lecteur identifie, interprète et s’identifie aux textes libertins rejoint les différentes facettes de la reconnaissance telles que théorisées depuis Aristote jusqu’à Terence Cave. Reconnaître un second sens transgressif, c’est peut-être à la fois reconnaître l’auteur comme complice et reconnaître sa propre appartenance à une communauté interprétative.

This study explores the role of the port of Ipswich at the mouth of the River Orwell as a significant mediumsized port in Early Modern England (1600-1800). It emphasizes the dynamics of regional and international trade, the integration with inland hinterlands, and competition with neighboring ports. The study aims to understand how medium-sized ports contributed to the integration of regional and global markets, as well as the socioeconomic transformation of port towns, which are often overlooked in maritime historiography. The research employs a historical approach with historiographical analysis. It combines primary archival sources, including port records, customs accounts, merchants' correspondence, and trade documents, with secondary literature from reputable journals, academic books, and dissertations. The study covers both spatial aspects (the town of Ipswich, the hinterlands of Suffolk and Norfolk, and connections with other regional ports) and temporal aspects (1600-1800), allowing for comprehensive mapping of trade networks, commodity distribution patterns, and socioeconomic interactions. The findings indicate that Ipswich functioned as a distribution hub for wheat, wool, and manufactured goods to both domestic and international markets, with intensive trade links to the Netherlands, Scandinavia, and the Baltic region. Geographic limitations, such as the shallowness of the River Orwell, were mitigated by efficient dock and warehouse infrastructure and flexible port regulations. Its connections with inland hinterlands-including Bury St Edmunds, Norwich, Cambridge, and Colchester-created a two-way network that supported production, consumption, and trade. Furthermore, the port of Ipswich maintained its economic relevance through relatively low trade costs, a focus on regional markets, and a cosmopolitan socioeconomic ecosystem that facilitated the mobility of both local and foreign merchants. Competition with Harwich and Great Yarmouth demonstrates that Ipswich was not merely an alternative but also a complementary node within the Eastern England trade ecosystem. From a historiographical perspective, this study underscores the importance of medium-sized ports in balancing local, regional, and global markets, and their role in supporting the economic expansion of Early Modern England. These findings make a significant contribution to maritime economic studies, European trade history, and the understanding of socioeconomic integration in port towns.

This paper examines how Classical, Hellenistic, Roman, and late Roman sources frame Palestine"s boundaries and political identity. Close readings of key historiographical and geographical texts trace how ancient authors defined, delimited, and situated Palestine within the eastern Mediterranean. Across these sources, "Palestine" consistently denotes a geographic designation extending beyond the littoral to substantial inland territories. At times, this continuity was obscured by Roman imperial strategies that installed client entities. The study clarifies the concept"s historical development, challenges restrictive interpretations, and reaffirms its broader historical and geographical scope.

Este artículo presenta una propuesta de modelo estandarizado de gestión para los catálogos de exposiciones del Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de Cuba, basada en la implementación de metadatos internacionales que favorecen la interoperabilidad, la preservación y el acceso abierto a los datos. A partir de un análisis de los catálogos del Museo, se diseñó una propuesta metodológica validada en el contexto de la preservación digital de datos. Se identificaron las principales deficiencias en la estructura de los catálogos del Museo, como la falta de estandarización y la ausencia de interoperabilidad entre plataformas. Además, se destacó la riqueza de las colaboraciones internacionales del Museo y su proyección global en el ámbito cultural. La implementación de un sistema de metadatos estandarizado contribuirá a mejorar la accesibilidad, la reutilización y la preservación de los recursos del Museo. Este modelo puede servir de referencia para otros museos, pues fortalece la infraestructura de datos culturales y promueve el acceso global al patrimonio artístico.

In 2014, S.A. Semenov discovered and conducted a preliminary study of a map of "Slavic Settlement" compiled by Z. Dolenga-Khodakovsky in 1822 in the M.P. Pogodin Collection (Inventory 2, Inv. No. 2019) in the Department of Manuscripts and Rare Books of the National Library of Russia (RNL) in St. Petersburg. Zorian Khodakovsky used the Detailed Map of the Russian Empire, which was "compiled and printed at His Imperial Majesty's Map Depot" in 1804, as his cartographic basis. The map scale is 20 versts (versts) in an English inch, meaning that 1 millimeter on the map corresponds to 800 meters on the ground. This article describes Khodakovsky's map and the principles of marking settlements on it.
В 2014 г. в Отделе рукописей и редких книг Российской национальной библиотеки (РНБ) в Санкт-Петербурге в фонде М.П. Погодина (опись 2, инв. номер 2019),  С.А. Семеновым была выявлена и предварительно исследована карта «Славянского городства», составленная З. Доленга-Ходаковским в 1822 г.  В качестве картографической основы Зориан Ходаковский использовал Подробную карту Российской империи, которая была «сочинена и печатана в Его Императорского Величества карт депо» в 1804 г. Масштаб карты равен 20 верст в английском дюйме, то есть 1 миллиметр на карте соответствует 800 метрам на местности. В статье рассказывается о карте Ходаковского и принципах нанесения на нее обозначений городищ.

The article publishes the data of archaeological research of the northern part of the Radonezh principality  in the valley of the Konchura, on the banks of which the Trinity-Sergius Monastery arose. As the study showed,  one of the settlements of the first half of the 14th century (the village near the village Goat hill) was located at the outlet of the stream from the moraine upland into the basin in the zone of the southern exposure. A group  of settlements of the second half of the 13th – first half  of the 14th century was located in similar landscape conditions in the area of the Orzhavets stream near Radonezh. This analogy allows us to say that such a landscape position of settlements is typical for the early stages of  the development of the Klinsko-Dmitrov ridge in the  14th century. Within the framework of this patern, the Trinity-Sergius Monastery was also founded.
В статье публикуются данные археологических исследований северной части Радонежского княжества в долине реки Кончуры, на берегах которой возник Троице-Сергиев монастырь. Как показало исследование, одно из поселений первой половины XIV века (село у села Козья горка) располагалось у выхода ручья с моренной возвышенности в котловину в зоне южной экспозиции. Группа поселений второй половины XIII – первой половины XIV века располагалась в схожих ландшафтных условиях в районе ручья Оржавец близ Радонежа. Эта аналогия позволяет говорить о том, что подобное ландшафтное положение поселений характерно для ранних этапов освоения Клинско-Дмитровской гряды в XIV веке. В рамках этой модели был основан и Троице-Сергиев монастырь.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ ГЕОГРАФИИ И ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ КАРТОГРАФИИ Аннотация. Статья содержит историко-географическую реконструкцию размещения запорожцев за пределами России после ликвидации Запорожской Сечи (1775 г.). Казаки, бежавшие в Османскую империю, долгое время не имели там не только административного центра, но и стабильной территории расселения. Историки часто употребляют понятие «Задунайская Сечь» для всего этого периода, что неверно: места пребывания казаков были временными и не имели прежних признаков Запорожской Сечи до 1814 года. К середине 80-х годов XVIII в. в османских владениях (включая Молдову) было три основных ареала расселения запорожцев: район Очакова, Тилигульского лимана, низовья Днестра; часть Молдовы (в районах городов: Сороки, Яссы и др.); Буджак и устье Дуная. Вопреки ожиданиям, султанское правительство не давало разрешения создать новую Сечь, но использовало запорожцев как потенциальную угрозу России. Часть казаков отправилась в Австрийскую империю, но утверждение о том, что там существовала «Банатская Сечь», является историографическим мифом. Результатом исследования является авторская историческая карта.

Global Perspectives on Health Geography showcases cutting-edge health geography research that addresses pressing, contemporary aspects of the health-place interface. The bi-directional influence between health and place has been acknowledged for centuries, and understanding traditional and contemporary aspects of this connection is at the core of the discipline of health geography. Health geographers, for example, have: shown the complex ways in which places influence and directly impact our health; documented how and why we seek specific spaces to improve our wellbeing; and revealed how policies and practices across multiple scales affect health care delivery and receipt. The series publishes a comprehensive portfolio of monographs and edited volumes that document the latest research in this important discipline. Proposals are accepted across a broad and ever-developing swath of topics as diverse as the discipline of health geography itself, including transnational health mobilities, experiential accounts of health and wellbeing, global-local health policies and practices, mHealth, environmental health (in)equity, theoretical approaches, and emerging spatial technologies as they relate to health and health services. Volumes in this series draw forth new methods, ways of thinking, and approaches to examining spatial and place-based aspects of health and health care across scales. They also weave together connections between health geography and other health and social science disciplines, and in doing so highlight the importance of spatial thinking. Dr. Valorie Crooks (Simon Fraser University,

Osmanlılar, 1230'lu yıllarda Söğüt-Domaniç'i yurt edinerek uc bölgesine yerleştiler. Hem devletin içinde bulunduğu durum hem de bölgedeki Bizans varlığı sebebiyle çevrelerindeki güçlerle iyi ilişkiler kurmaya özen gösterdiler. Ertuğrul Bey'in vefatından sonra beyliğin başına geçen Osman Bey, bir süre babası gibi çevredeki tekfurlarla müdara siyasetini sürdürse de İnegöl Tekfurunun göç yollarına verdiği baskınlar Osman Bey'i yeni önlemler almaya zorladı. Bu süreçte İnegöl Tekfuru ile Ermeni Beli Savaşı, Kulaca Hisar'ın fethi ve Domaniç Beli Muharebesi gibi mücadeleler kaçınılmaz oldu. Diğer yandan bu mücadelelerin bir parçası haline gelen ve Kayıların doğu istikametinde bir tehdit unsuru olarak duran Karacahisar Tekfurluğu da Osman Bey tarafından etkisiz hale getirildi. Bu fetih aynı zamanda okunan hutbe ile birlikte Osmanlılara müstakil bir beylik olmanın yolunu da açtı. Böylelikle batı istikametine doğru yapılacak olan seferlerde hem güvenlik temin edildi hem de Söğüt-Bozüyük-Pazaryeri hattındaki göç yolları ve yaylalarda emniyet temin edildi. Osman Bey'in İnegöl Tekfuru ile olan mücadeleleri ve 1288 Yılında Karacahisar'ın fethini takiben daha sakin bir politika takip ettiği ve 1299 yılına kadar geçen sürede Bilecik, Köprühisar, Yarhisar ve İnegöl'ün fethi için hazırlıklar yaptığı görülür. Bu süre zarfında kroniklere yansıyan en önemli faaliyet Osman Bey'in Taraklı-Göynük ve Mudurnu taraflarına gerçekleştirdiği doyum seferidir. Osman Bey, Harmankaya Tekfuru Köse Mihal ile birlikte Taraklı-Göynük ve Mudurnu üzerine Samsa Çavuş'un da desteğini alarak çıktığı bu seferde zafer kazandı ve ganimet elde etti. Bu makalede Osman Bey'in Taraklı-Göynük-Mudurnu seferi, seferin güzergâhı ve güzergâh üzerindeki eski yerleşimler, kaleler saha inceleme yöntemi merkeze alınarak incelenmiş ve elde edilen bulgular paylaşılmıştır.

çevresinde yaylak ve kışlak hayatı sürdürdüler ve bu yıllarda izlenen müdârâ siyaseti ile çevresindeki güçlerle barış içerisinde yaşadılar. Osmanlılar, Ertuğrul Gazi'nin vefatının akabinde oğlu Osman Bey'in beyliğin başına geçmesi ile birlikte Bizans-Selçuklu uc bölgesinde iddialı bir Türk beyliği konumuna geldiler. 1287-88 yıllarında Karacahisar'ı fetheden Osman Bey, 1299 yılına gelindiğinde Bilecik, Köprühisar, Yarhisar ve İnegöl gibi Bizans'a ait topraklarını ele geçirerek İznik ve Bursa'nın fethi için hazırlıklara başladı. Bu çalışmada, Osman Bey'in 1304 Sakarya Seferi sırasında İznik'in fethinin önünü açmak maksadıyla ele geçirdiği Leblebici, Çadırlı, Lefke, Mekece, Akhisar ve Geyve Kalelerine odaklanılmıştır. Bu sefer ile birlikte ele geçirilen tüm kaleler bu çalışmada değerlendirilmekle birlikte; özellikle bulundukları yer ile ilgili kesin tespitler yapılmayan Leblebici, Çadırlı ve Lefke Kaleleri çalışmanın merkezini teşkil etmiştir. Çalışma, kronikler, arşiv belgeleri ve özellikle saha çalışmalarıyla desteklenmek suretiyle tamamlanmış ve nihayetinde kalelerin yerlerinin ve bunu bağlı olarak sefer güzergâhlarının tespitine dair bulgular paylaşılmıştır.

Interdisciplinary integration of geographical, historical, archaeological, linguistic and art studies of natural-anthropogenic geosystems and their components is the fundamental basis for reconstructing the historic-geographical evolution of regions. This is a very complex, but extremely important scientific problematic, the development of which became possible as a result of the accumulation of a colossal array of diverse studies in different disciplines over the past centuries and the rapid digitalization of the research base (the objects and tools themselves) at present. The application of this approach to the study of the famous Trajan’s Walls, unique ancient, but very poorly studied structures in the North-Western Black Sea region, an important component of the Roman Limes, recognized as one of the largest monuments of world heritage, gave remarkable and largely unexpected scientific and practical results. In the lower reaches of the Botna river (the right tributary of the Dniester), at the junction of the northeastern section of the Upper Trajan’s Wall and the north-western part of the Lower Dniester (Snake) Wall, a powerful fortification complex was discovered, built in the first centuries of our era. It turned out to be the most important component of the landscape structure of the historic-geographical region. Its formation and development had a huge impact on the ethnosocial, economic and cultural processes that took place in ancient times, became the basis of the regional settlement system, transport and infrastructure framework, unique toponymic landscape, which largely preserve to this day. The complex unites numerous attractions, heritage monuments that need preservation, further in-depth research, and popularization.

Междисциплинарная интеграция географических, исторических, археологических, лингвистических, искусствоведческих исследований природно-антропогенных геосистем и их компонентов – фундаментальная основа реконструкции историко-географической эволюции регионов. Это весьма сложная, но чрезвычайно важная научная проблематика, развитие которой стало возможным в результате накопления колоссального массива разносторонних отраслевых исследований на протяжении предыдущих столетий и стремительной цифровизации исследовательской базы (самих объектов и инструментария) в настоящее время. Применение такого подхода при изучении знаменитых Траяновых валов, уникальных древних, но очень слабоизученных сооружений в Северо-Западном Причерноморье, важной составной части Римского Лимеса, признанного одним из крупнейших памятников всемирного наследия, дало примечательные и во многом неожиданные научно-практические результаты. В низовьях Ботны (правого притока р. Днестр), на стыке северо-восточного участка Верхнего Траянова вала и северо-западной части Нижнеднестровского (Змеёвого) вала выявлен сооружённый в первых веках нашей эры мощный фортификационный комплекс, ставший важнейшим компонентом ландшафтной структуры историко-географического региона. Его формирование и развитие оказало огромное влияние на протекавшие в древности этносоциальные, экономические и культурологические процессы, стало основой региональной системы расселения, транспортно-инфраструктурного каркаса, уникального топонимического ландшафта, во многом сохраняющихся до сих пор. Комплекс объединяет многочисленные достопримечательности, памятники наследия, нуждающиеся в сохранении, дальнейших углублённых исследованиях, популяризации.

This chapter examines possible relations between the Raṅganātha temple in Srirangam (Śrīraṅgam) and some other places associated with this temple by exploring the story of the journey of the processional image of Viṣṇu, in the form known as Raṅganātha, from the Srirangam temple to the temple in Tirupati / Tirumala, where Viṣṇu is worshipped in the form known as Veṅkaṭanātha. The journey proceeded in stages, via several other places, among them an influential divyadeśa 1 namely Melkote (Melkoṭe) which was renowned for having been visited by the distinguished Vaiṣṇava teachers and, as the tradition has it, was the place of Rāmānuja's years-long stay. The narratives giving an account of the journey represent, unlike many other stories about connected places that reference mythological events and divine interventions, a specific type of linkages that were impacted, among others, by political circumstances and historical events. In this chapter, we, therefore, ask: How and why were these linkages represented in certain non-historical texts of the Vaiṣṇava tradition that claim to be historical but reference historical facts only partially? Is it correct to suppose that at least some of the mentioned places had earlier, well-established connections, for example, due to the activities of religious teachers or their sacred status? Or could have such an interconnectedness been deliberately constructed and knowingly imposed on the stories by the authors of the narratives which constitute our sources? The historical facts and the narratives about the journey have already been briefly discussed by other researchers.2 The journey took place in the fourteenth

معنی نامهای اعضاء اتحادیهٔ قبایل ماد:
١- نام بوسیان در معنی دانایان و استادان یاد آور نام قبیلهٔ مادی و پارسی ساگارتیان (سنگ کنان، گورانها) است.
٢- بودیان (مردم مناطق جنگلی، مردم بودائوای باستانی) در سمت شهرزور (منطقهٔ جنگلی) به نظر می رسند.
٣- ستروخاتیان (دارندگان کلاهخود بلند، یا محکم سخن گویندگان) نیاکان سکایی- کیمری کُردان بوده اند.
۴- آریزانتیان (مردم مراتع خالی از سکنهٔ اسکان یافته، آریبی های کتیبه های آشوری= صحرانشینان) مردم حواشی کویر در سمت کاشان به نظر می رسند.
۵- پارتاکانیان (مردم کنار رود) اصفهانی ها منظور هستند.
۶- مغها (مردم انجمنی) مطابق خود قوم ماد (به اکدی یعنی مردم انجمنی) می باشند. اینکه نام ماد و پارس در اوستا ذکر نمیشوند اولی به سبب اکدی آن که ترجمهٔ واژهٔ مُغ است و دومی به سبب مأخوذ بودن آن از نام بسیار باستانی پرهشی (مارهاسیوم، نام مرودشت در نقشه های بطلمیوسی، محل خوشی) است که برای مغان مفهوم روشنی نداشته است به جای آن از نام ورنه (محل خوشی، به عنوان زادگاه فریدون/کوروش) مشترکاً برای پارس و خوزستان استفاده کرده اند.

W jaki sposób chłopi pojmowali i doświadczali zróżnicowania wyznanowego w Rzeczypospolitej, na które odpowiedzią w stanie szlacheckim miała być tolerancja? Interesować nas będzie przypadek kulturowych czy wyznaniowych odmienności wewnątrz chłopskiej grupy społecznej, w sąsiedztwie czy wręcz w tej samej wsi. Było to bowiem zjawisko wyraźnie inne od nakładania się różnic stanowych i odrębności etniczno-wyznaniowych, co stanowiło dość charakterystyczny rys organizacji społeczeństwa nowożytnej Rzeczypospolitej. W dotychczasowej literaturze przedmiotu problem relacji wyznaniowych w obrębie społeczności chłopskich omawiano na ogół na przykładzie stosunków religijnych na pograniczu etnicznym polsko-ruskim i w kontekście współistnienia obrządku łacińskiego i greckiego w obrębie Kościoła katolickiego na tych terenach. W poniższym studium przyglądam się zatem innemu pograniczu etnicznemu – polsko-niemieckiemu, gdzie obok siebie egzystowały (a czasem przenikały się) chłopskie społeczności katolickie i protestanckie – w tym wypadku luterańskie.

This chapter reflects on the urgency of a holistic vision for human-environmental security for the future of the planet. It begins by setting out how a widening of the UN concept of ‘human security’ can aid us in devising effective governmental strategies in facing the overlapping human and environmental crises of the Anthropocene. In particular, it points to how ‘human security’ objectives can be allied with ‘human rights’ concerns in the envisioning and operation of responsible government policy in the safeguarding of planet Earth. It then showcases an illustrative example from the Caribbean of what is possible when such a security vision is legally enacted, resourced and systematically administered. The focus then turns to ‘migration’, its contextual understanding, and the necessary holistic strategies of response that factor in the historical and contemporary human and environmental dimensions that lead to ‘crises’. Finally, the chapter concludes by offering constructive ways in which we can enable solidarity and responsible governance in tackling the overarching human-environmental polycrisis the world faces. It sets out core mechanisms of governance that can be mobilized in a more responsible regulation of the economic modalities of late modern capitalism, and the curtailment of its destructive ecological and social effects.

What could be the reason why someone in Hungary today is starting to deal with the death of perhaps the most famous ruler of the Ottoman Empire, the period and circumstances immediately following the death of Sultan Suleiman? The answer is not too complicated. The ruler, who also launched a campaign against Hungary, died in Hungary during one of his military operations. Allah called him to Himself during the siege of Szigetvár Castle, but the local multicultural circumstances evaluated the situation of the Sultan's death in an unusual way. This later led to the emergence of numerous, often contradictory reports regarding the death and its circumstances. Since then, there have been countless rumors and legends originating from the events of that time. When there is little or no news about something, and certain seemingly important parts are missing, the human mind certainly tries to supplement these deficiencies, often producing legends, ciphering them, and some people come up with new theories even after almost half a thousand years, which of course can further confuse the already unclear past.

Қабылдинов Зиябек Ермұханұлы -тарих ғылымдарының докторы, профессор, ҚР ҰҒА академигі, Ш.Ш. Уәлиханов атындағы Тарих және этнология институтының бас директоры (Қазақстан Республикасы, Алматы қ.) Әбіл Еркін Аманжолұлы -тарих ғылымдарының докторы, профессор (Қазақстан Республикасы, Астана қ.) Толобек Әбілұлы -тарих ғылымдарының докторы, профессор, Қырғыз Республикасы Ұлттық ғылым академиясының корреспондент-мүшесі (Қырғыз Республикасы, Бішкек) Апендиев Тимур Әкімханұлы -PhD докторы, доцент, жетекші ғылыми қызметкер, Ш.Ш. Уәлиханов атындағы Тарих және этнология институты (Қазақстан Республикасы, Алматы қ.) Горшенина Светлана Михайловна -PhD, тарих ғылымдарының кандидаты; CNRS Eur'Orbem, UMR 8224, CNRS/ Sorbonne университетінің зерттеу бөлімінің директоры (Франция, Париж) Исмағұлов Оразақ Исмағұлұлы -тарих ғылымдарының докторы, профессор, ҚР Қазақстан Республикасы Ұлттық музейінің физикалық антропология зертханасының меңгерушісі (Қазақстан Республикасы, Астана қ.) Шинджи Като -PhD (археология бойынша), Нарадағы мәдени құндылықтардың ұлттық ғылыми-зерттеу институты (Жапония, Нара) Бирсель Каракоч -Уппсала университетінің түркі тілдерінің профессоры (Швеция, Уппсала қ.) Мионг Сун-ок -антропология ғылымдарының докторы, қауымдастырылған профессор (Корея, Сеул) Қозыбаева Махаббат Маликовна -PhD доктор; Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы Еуразия ұлттық университетінің «Алаш» мәдениет және рухани даму институтының жетекші ғылыми қызметкері (Қазақстан Республикасы, Астана қаласы) Моррисон Александр -PhD, NewCollege профессоры, Оксфорд (Ұлыбритания, Оксфорд) Мотузаите-Матузевичюте Гидре -археология ғылымдарының докторы, профессор, Вильнюс университетінің «Биоархеология» ғылыми орталығының жетекшісі (Литва, Вильнюс) Муминов Әшірбек Құрбанұлы -тарих ғылымдарының докторы, арабтанушы, профессор; ИКҰ (Орталық Азия) ұйымдастыру қызметінің бас директорының кеңесшісі (Түркия, Стамбул) Нұрсан Әлімбай -тарих ғылымдарының кандидаты, профессор, Ш.Ш.Уәлиханов атындағы Тарих және этнология институтының бас ғылыми қызметкері (Қазақстан Республикасы, Алматы қ.) Отепова Гүлфира Елубайқызы -тарих ғылымдарының докторы, Ә. Марғұлан атындағы Павлодар педагогикалық университетінің профессоры (Қазақстан Республикасы, Павлодар қ.) Оутрам Алан -археология ғылымдарының докторы, Эксетер университетінің археология және тарих кафедрасының профессоры (Ұлыбритания, Эксетер) Романова Екатерина Назаровна -Солтүстіктің байырғы халықтарының мәселелері және гуманитарлық зерттеулер институтының этнологиялық зерттеулер орталығының жетекшісі (АН СР(Ы) ХР) (Ресей Федерациясы, Якутск қ.) Рюосуке Оно -Васеда университетінің тереңдетілген гуманитарлық зерттеулер орталығының доценті (Жапония, Токио) Сәбитов Жақсылық Мұратұлы -Жошы Ұлысын зерттеу ғылыми институтының директоры, PhD доктор (Қазақстан Республикасы, Астана қаласы) Томохико Уяма -PhD докторы, Хоккайдо университетінің славян және еуразиялық зерттеулер орталығының профессоры (Жапония, Саппоро) Финке Питер -PhD докторы, Цюрих университетінің Макс Планк институтының профессоры (Швейцария, Цюрих) Шотанова Ғалия Айтжанқызы -тарих ғылымдарының кандидаты, Ш.Ш. Уәлиханов атындағы Тарих және этнология институтының жетекші ғылыми қызметкері (Қазақстан Республикасы, Алматы қ.

OverHolland addresses the relationship and interaction between the building and the city in the context of the Dutch urban landscape. To this end, the city is understood in its material manifestation, as an artefact constructed of tangible elements such as buildings and infrastructure. In this approach it is especially the architectural conception of the city as it emerges in various designs for the city, whether implemented or not, that is the empirical object of study and analysis. Therefore, the research that we present here analyses the city primarily as an ‘architectonic construction’. The previous cahier of OverHolland focused on the link between the larger scale of the Randstad and the smaller scale of its component parts: the individual Dutch cities. As a sequel to the previous article on the genesis of the city in the Netherlands during the Middle Ages, in the present scahier of OverHolland, Reinout Rutte discusses urban development during the period from the fourteenth to ...

En ce milieu du XIXe siècle, franchir l’Océan atlantique pour relier Europe et espace caribéen ne constitue plus, depuis bien longtemps, un exploit. C’est ensuite que les choses se corsent et l’on s’aperçoit vite, pour certaines destinations, que les « derniers » kilomètres sont beaucoup plus compliqués à gérer que les 6.000 premiers...

The article is an attempt to rethink the origins of Anglo-Russian imperial rivalry traditionally associated with the Great Game. An analysis of diplomatic correspondence, archival documents, and historiographic research shows that tensions between the British and Russian Empires began to develop as early as the last quarter of the 18th century. They manifested themselves primarily in the Black Sea region, which was largely due to Russia's active foreign policy in the region under Catherine II. The Ochakov crisis of 1791 is fundamental for understanding the origins of the confrontation between the British and Russian Empires in the context of their traditionally different political thinking and growing distrust. Although it did not lead to an armed conflict between the two powers, it heralded their entry into a long era of intense rivalry in the Middle East

Cet article est la version mise à jour en 2025, au vu des informations nouvelles trouvées depuis sa première parution en septembre 2017. Depuis cette date, l'offre internet s'est encore étoffée, et m'a permis d'affiner certaines donnés, voire de les corriger, ou encore de les supprimer pour cause d'erreur ou d'obsolescence!

Çalgı eğitiminde bir çalgının öğrenilmesi yetenek, hazır bulunuşluk, bilişsel yeterlilikler, beceri ve fiziksel yatkınlıklar gibi nitelikler gerektiren bir süreçtir. Bununla birlikte çalgıya yönelik duyuşsal özelliklerin yeterli düzeyde olması çoğu zaman çalgı performansının çok önemli bir belirleyicisi olabilir. Müzik eğitimcisi adayı çalgısında kazanacağı bilgi ve becerileriyle müzisyenliği öğrenecek ve çevresiyle daha iyi iletişim kurarak kendine olan öz güvenini geliştirecektir. Çalgı eğitiminde, öğretmenlerin öğrencilere aktaracağı teknik ve müziksel bilgiler kadar önemli boyutlardan birisi de öğrencinin motivasyonudur. Bu amaçla güzel sanatlar siseleri viyola dersinde motivasyonun önemine ilişkin öğretmen ve öğrenci görüşleri çeşitli alt değişkenlerle incelenmiş ve araştırmaya uygun bir model olarak saptanan tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Ülkemizdeki dokuz ilde güzel sanatlar lisesinde öğrenim gören toplam 76, 1. 2. 3. ve 4. sınıf viyola öğrencileri ve bu derse giren toplam 9 v...

It remains a little-known fact that from March 1766 to May 1767 Jean-Jacques Rousseaufleeing from persecution in France and Switzerlandstayed in the remote hamlet of Wootton in Staffordshire. There he composed the first half of his Confessions in a garden hermitage, a structure half natural and half architectural, ever since known as Rousseau's Cave. Our paper records the hermitage in its current state (exposed to the elements); it creates a digital reconstruction of the hermitage as it was in Rousseau's lifetime; and it provides digital access to a monument that is otherwise not generally accessible. Our paper records a modest but fairly typical eighteenth-century garden hermitage and also, with the highest quality digital reconstructions and fly-throughs, provides a new insight into the creation of one of the world's greatest works of literature. The paper contributes substantial new material to the study of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and also contributes to garden history and the phenomenon of the garden hermitage.

The enigma of Hannibal’s Alpine crossing has captivated minds and sparked debates across centuries, much like an elusive puzzle that resists a definitive solution. This article explores the fierce and often acrimonious scholarly debates surrounding Hannibal’s journey, where the quest to separate historical fact from romantic myth has turned into a battleground for competing disciplines. Military historians, geographers and philologists have all staked their claims, each employing distinct methods to argue their case, yet the controversy has only intensified. As the debate has evolved, the focus has shifted from merely identifying the route to examining how historical truths are constructed amid academic rivalries. The article scrutinizes the rhetorical strategies and epistemological conflicts that have defined this ongoing dispute, revealing how the quest to solve Hannibal’s mystery has often led to sharp intellectual skirmishes. These clashes, far from resolving the issue, have instead highlighted the complexities of reconstructing ancient events with limited and sometimes contradictory information. Ultimately, these debates, as harsh as they may be, have contributed to elevating the Western Alps as a zone of historical attention and prestige, now increasingly exploited for heritage.

Исследование административно-политического положения Киликийской сатрапии Ахеменидской Персии представляет интерес не только для изучения истории этой державы, но и с точки зрения уточнения территории сатрапской Армении и ее юго-западной границы, которые в научной литературе, почти без исключения, были истолкованы неверно. Посредством всестороннего и полного анализа первоисточников мы попытаемся уточнить и конкретизировать территорию и границы Киликийской сатрапии, сведения о которых в античных источниках порой носят весьма противоречивый характер. Гипотеза о проживании киликийцев на территории Кесарии-Мазаки доминирует в исторической литературе. Однако цитируемая часть Геродота (I, 72) явно касается Киликии, а не киликийцев, которые географически отличаются от Киликийской сатрапии, и проводить границу Киликийской сатрапии так далеко на север совершенно необоснованно. В приведённом Геродотом изложении (I, 72) Киликия-отдельная географическая и административная единица, фактически простиравшаяся в пределах округа Кесарии-Мазаки. Игнорировать этот факт-значит неверно истолковывать сообщения историка, составляющие логическое единство. Киликийская сатрапия никогда не простиралась на северовостоке до Мелитине, поскольку территория поздней Коммагены входила в состав сатрапии Армения.

During the courses of Medieval History and Historical Geography, speaking of civitas, of medieval cities, the map of Constantinople, by Cristoforo Buondelmonti, was both a generic reference and the oldest for that city.
Then, consulting some of his works, I realized that the Florentine Buondelmonti represented a figure of a cultured and erudite traveler, a character certainly more interesting than one might apparently believe.
From many perspectives, he was a true pioneer, if we think of his activity as a skilled finder of Greek manuscripts, his antiquarian interests in archeology, epigraphy, and the invention of a new and very successful literary genre such as the” isolario”, the book of the islands, which recovered the geographic knowledge of the medieval tradition re-proposing them through narrative schemes that already contained the humanistic matrices in the XV century, therefore tradition and innovation.
In addition to having brought manuscripts by Greek humanists, Buondelmonti managed to capture that codex containing the then-unknown Hieroglyphica of Orapollo. He demonstrated the intuition of a fine connoisseur in the selection, picking up a book that would certainly have aroused interest in the environments he frequented and from where he received funding, therefore also particularities, interest, and curiosity towards other cultures; in a historical moment in which the humanist presbyter could often run into "walking exclamation points" (OZ, 2017, pp. 36-37).
My research was then oriented towards the reconstruction of the figure of Cristoforo Buondelmonti, not always well defined due to the rarity of the direct sources concerning him, his multiple activities, and the relationships that linked him to his illustrious clients such as the Florentine Niccolò Niccoli and the Roman cardinal Giordano Orsini. Many scholars have written and debated this complex overview, helping me in the attempt to give written form to my readings and reflections.
I tried to proceed, in the first two chapters of the paper, to an analysis of the historical period in which Buondelmonti lived: the customs and laws in force, the context in which his city was depicted at that time, and the quality of life for the citizens. The dialectical dialogues, the language, and the emotional spirit that hovered at the time; I then tried to frame the geographical and geopolitical context at that moment, extending the range to the entire European continent, giving the role of supporting actor to the pars Orientalis.
Moreover, the historical reconstruction, besides the interpretation of the sources, presents some problematic aspects since it is always the result of a dialectic between "fact" and "interpretation" and this too can have repercussions on historical geography.
Professor Alan Baker argues, with a hint of healthy provocation that: "if historical geography is not simply a reconstruction in the mind of individuals, and if consequently there is not one but an infinity of interpretations, of which there are none one more "just" than another ... The double challenge that a historical geographer must face "- concludes the scholar with a touch of paradox -" is to take note of the problematic nature of both his sources and his theories, and persuade other scholars to accept the interpretation of the geography of the past that he prefers. ”(BAKER, 1995, p. 45). To study the processes of change that inevitably characterize the geographic space of the present, it will be current human geography to ask for help from historical geography, while historical geography, which studies geographic facts of the past, can advantageously make use of methods and tools of current human geography. : think about the themes of urban geography (the development of cities, their function, urban networks ...) or diffusion phenomena (technological innovations, epidemics ...).
In essence, therefore, historical geography must be considered very close to contemporary human geography (while reaffirming the reciprocal autonomy of the two disciplines), as they have the same goal, namely the study and interpretation of the processes that produce change.
Then there are various types of changes, those induced by technological transformations (the navigation techniques which, with each important innovation, have redesigned the map of the ports of the world's seas) and the very important changes relating to human groups and their mutual relationships, which affect political, economic, commercial and conflictual relations.
Lastly, we must not forget the changes triggered by the action of single individuals, which can produce changes destined to be exhausted in a short time but which, however, are sometimes able to impress a lasting influence on the territory (ROTA, 2004, p. 4).
I then tried, in the third chapter, to identify the environments that Buondelmonti may have frequented, the studies done, the social background, the family from which he came, the origin of his ancestors, the cult and religious observance and his biography, however, mentioned, given the scarcity of reliable data.
Finally, I tried to capture certain moments of the character, the clericus vagans, the man in a context that he will choose, fame and celebrated reputation, but not of himself, because of language, food, habits, and customs. Perhaps also to find a place that would guarantee him more serenity towards that black plague that in Europe would have killed a third of its population.  In the solemn tribute that Giacomo Leopardi made, in 1827, to the very learned Greek philosopher Giorgio Gemisto Pletòne, reading the "discorso in proposito di una orazione greca " there is a brief description, praise, on the perception of which environment and to which type of nature, spirit and temperament he would have approached or imagined to approach. Through the pen of the Italian philologist and writer, we can read the following:
"Truly this Greek nation is an admirable thing, which for a space of around twenty-four centuries, without any interval, was in civilization and letters, most of the time, sovereign and unparalleled in the world, never surpassed: by conquering, it propagated the one and the others in Asia and Africa; conquered, he communicated them to the other peoples of Europe. And in thirteen centuries, he kept them for the most part in bloom, always almost uncorrupted; for the other eleven, he kept them alone in the barbarian world, and oblivious to all good doctrine. It was a new spectacle, in the time of the Crusades, for European nations: polite, literate people, inhabitants of noisy, large, splendid cities for temples, squares, magnificent palaces, for excellent works of art in every way; to rough people, without a hint of letters, inhabitants of towers, villas, mountains; almost savage and inhuman.  To the last one, already close to taking over a barbarian game, and losing its name, and, so to speak, life, it seemed that in the manner of a flame, extinguishing itself, it cast a greater light: it produced very noble wits, worthy of much better times; and fall, fleeing from its ruin many of them to different parts, once again she was in Europe, and therefore in the world, a teacher of civilization and literature."
The Florentine will try to reshape and resize that context, with the humanist attitude and spirit that distinguished him. The cultural background he brought with him inherited from the rank of his family, in the influential Florence of the time, with its remarkable group of intellectuals that he in one way or another, some of them, certainly had been able to know and contact, for the codex it considered bringing back and reselling.
Thanks to the influential circle of Florentine friends, he will be given a box of work tools, which he, with skill, will use to develop, renew and relaunch, as a cartographer as he was; areas not recognized or to be rediscovered, and spaces to be re-appropriated.
And considering the difficult geopolitical balances, with his style, filing and accepting, often as a humanist, sometimes as a carpenter, the differences between Latin and Oriental, as well as trying to give a face and an identity to the implicit antagonist, the Sublime State Ottoman, which in itself contains the same common root as theirs, "with the destiny of a God, who inevitably - as Thomas Mann will write - follows the evolution of human destiny" (MANN, 1967, p. 126).
The codes that I went to consult, in chronological order, first see the Descriptio Insulae Creta, then the Liber Insularum Archipelagi, together with its description of the polis, πόλις, Byzantium and of the cryptic Mount Athos. Lastly, I left the Nomina Virorum Illustrum, third Codex, certainly attributed to Cristoforo Buondelmonti, where thanks to the research of the medieval philology scholar, Tania Bertozzi, I was able to add fundamental data, to understand a little more, both of the presbyter, how much the chessboard, the frame and the chess players of that area, in the period between the end of the XIV and the first half of the XV century.

This book explores how sanctity becomes a vehicle for national self-understanding in the Greek and wider Balkan experience of modernity. Centring on two emblematic figures—the Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V (†1821) and the Metropolitan of Smyrna Chrysostomos (†1922)—it traces the emergence of the “ethno-martyr” and the “hieromartyr” as paradigms through which Orthodox communities articulated identity, memory and political aspiration from the late Byzantine legacy through the Ottoman centuries to the nation-state.

Combining theological, historical and sociological methods, the study examines synodal acts, liturgical texts, commemorations and public discourse to show how a “theology of events” took shape: one in which the saint and the fighter are perceived in dynamic relation. It situates the canonisations and their reception within debates on phyletism, autocephaly and the often fraught interplay of Church, diplomacy and politics. In doing so, it illuminates the parallel processes of sacralising the national and nationalising the sacred, and the ways in which sanctity functions as a moral resource for collective mobilisation and post-conflict meaning-making.

By following the theological justification of sanctity alongside the controversies it provoked, the book maps the mechanisms through which Churches and communities negotiate authority, memory and exemplarity. It offers a focused contribution to the study of religion and nationalism, demonstrating how the cult of saints can crystallise historical experience and furnish a repertoire of symbols and practices for nation-building in south-eastern Europe.

Анализируются украинские говоры на территории Воронежской области и осуществляется попытка уточнить их классификацию. Предыдущие классификации определяют границу между переселенческими полесскими и слобожанскими говорами довольно условно, в работах учёных эти границы могут не совпадать (например, у Ф.Т. Жилко и Г.Т. Солонской). В 2024 г. авторами настоящей статьи было проведено полевое исследование говоров в сёлах Колодежное, Сагуны, Большая Хвощеватка, Юдино и Костомарово Подгоренского района Воронежской области, основанных в XVIII в. Мы концентрируемся на описании говора села Юдино. Для установления зоны исходной миграции был выбран ряд следующих черт: рефлексация ударного *o в результате заменительного удлинения после падения «редуцированных», рефлексация *ě, формы gen. sg. f. указательных местоимений, окончание nom. sg. m. прилагательных, окончание nom. pl. прилагательных, варьирование форм типа знає ~ зна в 3. sg. praes. у глаголов III класса, а также распределение окончаний -е (хо́де) и -ить (сиди́ть) в зависимости от ударения в 3. sg. praes. у глаголов IV класса. Проведено сопоставление с лингвогеографическими данными Атласа украинского языка и определены населённые пункты с наибольшим совпадением по указанным чертам. Установлено, что прародину юдинского говора следует локализовать в районе Прилук, где распространены переходные говоры от восточнополесских к среднеднепровским. В воронежских говорах предлагается выделять три зоны: северные (полесские), южные (слобожанские) и центральные (генетически из переходной области в окрестностях Прилук).

High-resolution remote sensing, magnetometry, and trench stratigraphy identify a significant flood event at Lagash (modern Tell al-Hiba) during the late Early Dynastic period (ca. 2400-2350 BC). Satellite imagery and magnetometry reveal a 90-meter-wide meander belt-3-15 times broader than documented canals-adjacent to primary temple districts. Test trenches further exposed over one meter of flood-deposited silt covering existing architecture. Optically stimulated luminescence dating (central age: 2390 ± 220 BC) aligns closely with radiocarbon dates obtained from contemporaneous burn layers elsewhere on the site. Displaced artifacts, including an inscribed foundation nail from the reign of King Enannatum I (ca. 2425 BC) and diagnostic ceramics, confirm that the flood occurred after his rule but before Akkadian occupation. Integrating geomorphic, sedimentological, and textual evidence, we propose that the flooding was triggered when Lugalzagesi of Uruk-Umma (reigned ca. 2350 BC) intentionally breached or precipitated the failure of Lagash's principal canal embankments during or immediately following his documented attack on the city. This event illustrates how critical infrastructure for irrigation and transportation could be deliberately exploited to exacerbate the environmental and economic impacts of warfare. By closely associating the flood, the military siege, and subsequent demographic decline within a single generational timeframe, our study refines third-millennium BC Mesopotamian chronology and underscores the interconnected roles of hydrology, conflict, and urban resilience in early urban societies. Sans tomber dans un déterminisme étroit, on peut quand même affirmer que l'histoire de l'Irak ne sera vraiment connue que le jour où, parallèlement au déroulement des faits politiques, on retracera la chronologie des déprédations occasionnées par le Tigre et l'Euphrate. -Etienne de Vaumas 1958: 248 Water has been a persistent driver of societal conflict throughout history (Gleick and Shimabuku 2023, and references therein), particularly in arid floodplain regions where irrigation-dependent resources span political boundaries. Nowhere was this more evident than in 3rd-millennium BC This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

One of the most prized discoveries from the Western Han tombs at Mawangdui is the collection of manuscripts excavated from Mawangdui Tomb No. 3. Much ink has been spilled on the contents of these manuscripts, yet little discussions have focused on the objects with which these manuscripts were interred in the tomb. Building on the excellent work laid out by previous scholarship, this study proposes a shift in focus from the contents of the manuscripts to other objects found inside the box—the lacquered frog, the clamshell, and the two bamboo flutes, and seeks to understand the logic behind such combinations. Three organizing principles are proposed to explain this combination of objects: that of seasonal changes, the quality of luminous luster, and musicology in relation to astronomy. Ultimately, however, all three organizing principles are different expressions or means of the postmortem rejuvenation of life.

在马王堆汉墓出土的众多文物里，三号墓的帛书可谓最珍贵的发现之一。虽然对帛书内容的研究已经成果颇丰，同一漆奁（E57）内发现的其他物品却并未得到同样的关注。本文对马王堆三号墓E57号漆奁下层发现的器物进行分析，尤其是髹漆青蛙、蚌壳、两支竹笛的物品组合，提出可以基于从季节变化、光泽特质、与天文相关的乐律三种构建原则对此进行释读。归根结底，这三种构建原则都同样以生命的复苏为目的，只是在表达方式，或者说激发手段上有所不同而已。

An 1851 publication described Abraham (Abram) Mordecai, reportedly the first Jew in Alabama, as “a queer fellow . . . a dark-eyed Jew.” A mysterious figure as a Jew and in his navigation of Indigenous populations and trade, Mordecai’s story, existing at the intersection of history and legend, has been shaped and reshaped by storytellers during his lifetime and after his death. A complex figure because of his outsider status, Mordecai’s life has intrigued and perplexed generations of Alabamians.

Review of Sanjay Subrahmanyam's recent book on western Indian Ocean, Across the Green Sea: Histories from the Western Indian Ocean, 1440-1640. University of Texas Press, 2024. American Historical Review, Volume 130,
Issue 3, September 2025, Pages 1321–1322.

The article discusses the oldest map of the world, which depicts all the continents, including America and Australia. This map was drawn on the wall of a tomb over 5,000 years ago (3500–3200 BC). It is believed to depict the American continent. Tomb No. 100, which bears a map on its wall, is located in the ancient necropolis of Hierakonpolis (now Nikhen or Qaum al-Ahmar), on the right bank of the Nile River, 600 km from Cairo and 55 km south of Luxor. It was the capital of the dynasty of kings of Upper Egypt, who ruled from 3400 to 2575 BCE. In archaeology, this period is known as the "Naqada culture." Tomb 100 dates to the Naqada II period, approximately 3300 BCE. A map was drawn on the tomb wall in red, yellow, and brown paint. This map indicates that the ancient Egyptians knew of the existence of the American continent and even had an idea of its size. It's entirely possible that they crossed the Atlantic Ocean on ships and established contact with Native Americans. If so, it would mean that the first foreigners to set foot on American soil were the ancient Egyptians.

In this paper, a poem by Manuel Philes is published and translated for the first time. It belongs to the genre of metrical prefaces and was intended for recitation before a reading of the Martyrdom of Saint George. On the basis of the poem’s internal evidence an attempt is made to identify the specific text and author of the Martyrdom that would have followed. A study of the vocabulary and the metrical form of this unusually long poem is also included. Above all, the poem’s unique feature is highlighted, its composition as a dialogue among seven characters, which lends it a dramatic tone. In addition, the 26 inserted titles that serve as “stage directions” make it plausible that the poem could operate as a script or even a libretto for a fully-fledged performance. Yet it is unclear if the poet intended it for such a performance or whether it was ever actually performed