Voiced dental and alveolar lateral flaps

Voiced postalveolar lateral flap
Voiced postalveolar lateral flap
ɺ̠

Voiced alveolar lateral flap
Voiced alveolar lateral flap
ɺ
IPA number	181
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɺ
Unicode (hex)	U+027A
X-SAMPA	l\
Braille
Image

A voiced alveolar lateral flap is a type of consonantal sound, found in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɺ⟩, a fusion of a rotated lowercase letter ⟨r⟩ with a letter ⟨l⟩. Approved in 1928, the symbol represented a sound intermediate between [d] and [l]^[1]^[2] or between [r] and [l]^[3]^[4] until 1979, when its value was redefined as an alveolar lateral flap.^[5]

Some languages that are described as having a lateral flap actually have a flap that is indeterminate with respect to centrality, and may surface as either central or lateral, either in free variation or allophonically depending on surrounding vowels and consonants.^[6]

Additionally, some languages have a voiced postalveolar lateral flap, which can be transcribed in the IPA with the retracted diacritic, such as ⟨ɺ̠⟩.

Features

Features of a voiced alveolar lateral flap:

Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Dental

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Chaga^[7]		^{[example needed]}			Laminal dental.^[7]

Alveolar and Postalveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Amis		ꞌuꞌul	[ʡuʡuɺ̠ᵊ]	'fog'	Apical postalveolar with schwa release.^{[citation needed]}
Curipaco^[8]		[ɺi.wa.'dzo.ɺe]		'ember'	In alternation with an alveolar tap.^[8]
Ilgar		^{[example needed]}			Likely an underlying sequence of /ɺj/. Contrasts /l, ɺ, ɭ, ɭ̆/.
Iwaidja		ayanjildin^[9]	[ajanɟiɺin]	'sweetheart'	Contrasts /l, ɺ, ɭ, ɭ̆/ and possibly /ʎ, ʎ̆/.
Japanese^[10]		六 roku	[ɺo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]	'six'	Allophonically [ɾ]. See Japanese phonology
Japanese^[10]		心 kokoro	[ko̞ko̞ɺo̞]	'heart'	Allophonically [ɾ]. See Japanese phonology
Kasua^[11]		hilila	[hiɺiɺɑ]	'heavy'	Never used at the beginning nor the end of a word.^[12]
Norwegian	Trøndersk^[13]	glas	[ˈɡɺ̠ɑːs]	'glass'	Apical postalveolar;^[13] also described as central [ɽ].^[14] See Norwegian phonology
Wayuu		püülükü	[pɨːɺɨkɨ]	'pig'	Contrasts with /r/.
Yalë^[15]		Yalë	[jaɺɛ]	'Yalë'	In free variation with [d]; written as ⟨d⟩ or ⟨l⟩.

Notes

^ Association phonétique internationale (1928).
^ International Phonetic Association (1949), p. 14.
^ Association phonétique internationale (1932).
^ Association phonétique internationale (1952).
^ International Phonetic Association (1978).
^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 243.
^ ^a ^b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 213.
^ ^a ^b Souza (2012), p. 78.
^ "Mood and Character". ausil.org. Archived from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
^ Akamatsu (1997), p. 106.
^ Logan, Tommy (July 2003). "Organised Phonology Data" (PDF). SIL International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-09. Retrieved 2018-07-09. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Cite error: The named reference Logan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, p. 155, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
^ Heide, Eldar (2010), "Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet.", Maal og Minne (in Norwegian), 1 (2010), Novus forlag: 3–44
^ Aannested, Aidan. (2020). "Towards a grammar of the Yale language: taking another look at archived field data". SIL International.

References

Akamatsu, Tsutomu (1997). Japanese Phonetics: Theory and Practice. München: Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-095-6.
Association phonétique internationale (1928). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles]. Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 6 (23): 51–53. JSTOR 44704266.
Association phonétique internationale (1932). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1932)". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 10 (37). Supplement. JSTOR 44749172.
Association phonétique internationale (1952). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1951)". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 30 (97). Front matter. JSTOR 44748475.
International Phonetic Association (1949). "The Principles of the International Phonetic Association". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 27 (91). Supplement. JSTOR i40200179.
International Phonetic Association (1978). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 1979)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 8 (1–2). Supplement. JSTOR 44541414.
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Souza, Erick Marcelo Lima de (2012). Estudo fonológico da Língua Baniwa-Kuripako (Master's dissertation) (in Brazilian Portuguese). University of Campinas. doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2012.898354. hdl:20.500.12733/1619268.

External links

[FOOTNOTEAssociation_phonétique_internationale1928-1] Association phonétique internationale (1928).

[FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association194914-2] International Phonetic Association (1949), p. 14.

[FOOTNOTEAssociation_phonétique_internationale1932-3] Association phonétique internationale (1932).

[FOOTNOTEAssociation_phonétique_internationale1952-4] Association phonétique internationale (1952).

[FOOTNOTEInternational_Phonetic_Association1978-5] International Phonetic Association (1978).

[FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996243-6] Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 243.

[FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996213-7] Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 213.

[FOOTNOTESouza201278-8] Souza (2012), p. 78.

[9] "Mood and Character". ausil.org. Archived from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2021-03-11.

[FOOTNOTEAkamatsu1997106-10] Akamatsu (1997), p. 106.

[logan-11] Logan, Tommy (July 2003). "Organised Phonology Data" (PDF). SIL International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-09. Retrieved 2018-07-09. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[Logan-12] Cite error: The named reference Logan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[gron-13] Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, p. 155, ISBN 87-500-3865-6

[14] Heide, Eldar (2010), "Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet.", Maal og Minne (in Norwegian), 1 (2010), Novus forlag: 3–44

[15] Aannested, Aidan. (2020). "Towards a grammar of the Yale language: taking another look at archived field data". SIL International.

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v t e The letter R
General	Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers Pronunciation of English /r/ Rhoticity in English R-colored vowel Rhotacism Guttural R Linking and intrusive R
Pronunciations	Voiceless alveolar trill [r̥] Voiced alveolar trill [r] Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant [ɹ] Voiceless alveolar tap [ɾ̥] Voiced alveolar tap [ɾ] Voiced alveolar lateral flap [ɺ] Voiced retroflex approximant [ɻ] Voiced retroflex flap [ɽ] Voiced retroflex trill [ɽr] Voiced velar approximant [ɰ] Voiced velar bunched approximant [ɹ̈] Voiceless velar fricative [x] Voiced velar fricative [ɣ] Voiceless uvular trill [ʀ̥] Voiced uvular trill [ʀ] Voiceless uvular fricative [χ] Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] Voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ] Voiceless glottal fricative [h] Voiced glottal fricative [ɦ]
Variations	Ꝛꝛ (R rotunda) Ꞃꞃ (Insular) Ɽɽ (R with tail) Ɍɍ (R with stroke) Ʀʀ Ȑȑ Ŕŕ Ŗŗ Řř Ȓȓ R̃r̃ Ṙṙ Ṛṛ R̄r̄ Ṝṝ Ṟṟ Rd Rh Rl Rm Rn Rp Rr Rs Rt Rw Rz Rnd ᚱ (Raidô) ℝ (Real number) ® (Registered trademark symbol) Ⓡ (Enclosed R) ℞ (Medical prescription)