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Close-mid central unrounded vowel

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Close-mid central unrounded vowel
ɘ
IPA number397
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɘ
Unicode (hex)U+0258
X-SAMPA@\
Braille⠲ (braille pattern dots-256)⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)
Spectrogram of [ɘ]

The close-mid central unrounded vowel, or high-mid central unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɘ⟩. This is a mirrored letter e and should not be confused with the schwa ⟨ə⟩, which is a turned e. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ë⟩. Certain older sources[2] transcribe this vowel ⟨ɤ̈⟩.

The letter ⟨ɘ⟩ may be used with a lowering diacritic ⟨ɘ̞⟩, to denote the mid central unrounded vowel.

Features

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Occurrence

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Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Chuvash пӗррехинче [pɘrrɛχint͡ɕɛ] 'once'
Cotabato Manobo[3] [example needed] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.
Dinka Luanyjang[4] ŋeŋ [ŋɘ́ŋ] 'jawbone' Short allophone of /e/.[4]
English Australian[5][6] bird [bɘːd] 'bird' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩. Optionally rounded. See Australian English phonology
Cardiff[7] foot [fɘt] 'foot' Less often rounded [ɵ];[8] corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology
New Zealand[9] bit [bɘt] 'bit' Merger of /ə/ and /ɪ/ found in other dialects. See New Zealand English phonology
Southern American[10] nut [nɘt] 'nut' Some dialects.[10] Corresponds to /ʌ/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Estonian[11] kõrv [kɘrv] 'ear' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩; can be close-mid back [ɤ] or close back [ɯ] instead, depending on the speaker.[11] See Estonian phonology
Irish Munster[12] sáile [ˈsˠɰaːlʲə̝] 'salt water' Usually transcribed in IPA with [ɪ̽]. It is an allophone of /ə/ next to non-palatal slender consonants.[12] See Irish phonology
Jebero[13] ɨx[e/ï][k/c/q] [ˈiʃɘk] 'bat'
Kaingang[14] me [ˈᵐbɘ] 'tail' Varies between central [ɘ] and back [ɤ].[15]
Kalagan Kaagan[16] [miˈwə̝ːʔ] 'lost' Allophone of /ɨ/ in word-final stressed syllables before /ʔ/; can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[16]
Katë[17] Katë [kaˈt̪ɘ] 'Katë' Can also be realized as /ɨ/.
Kensiu[18] [ɟɚ̝h] 'to trim' Rhotacized; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɚ⟩.[18]
Kera[19] [t͡ʃə̝̄wā̠a̠] 'fire' Allophone of /a/; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[19]
Korean[20] 어른/ŏŏleun [ə̝ːɾɯ̽n] 'adult' May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨əː⟩. See Korean phonology
Kurdish Kurmanji dil/دل [dɘl] 'heart' Allophone of /ɪ/. Sorani alphabet does not transcribe this vowel phoneme in text.
Sorani
Lizu[21] [Fkə̝][clarification needed] 'eagle' Allophone of /ə/ after velar stops.[21]
Mapudungun[22] elün [ë̝ˈlɘn] 'to give (something)'
Mongolian[23] үсэр [usɘɾɘ̆] 'jump'
Mono[24] dœ [də̝] 'be (equative)' May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[24]
Polish[25] mysz [mɘ̟ʂ]ⓘ 'mouse' Somewhat fronted;[25] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ⟩. See Polish phonology
Romanian Moldavian dialect[26] casă [ˈkäsɘ] 'house' Corresponds to [ə] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Shiwiar[27] [example needed]
Temne[28] pər [pə̝́r] 'incite' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.[28]
Vietnamese[29] vợ [vɘ˨˩ˀ] 'wife' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩. See Vietnamese phonology
Xumi Upper[30] [LPmɘ̃dɐ] 'upstairs' Nasalized; occurs only in this word.[30] It is realized as mid [ə̃] in Lower Xumi.[31]
Zapotec Tilquiapan[32] ne [nɘ] 'and' Most common realization of /e/.[32]

Notes

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  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ For example Collins & Mees (1990).
  3. ^ Kerr (1988:110)
  4. ^ a b Remijsen & Manyang (2009:117, 119)
  5. ^ Cox (2006:?)
  6. ^ Durie & Hajek (1994:?)
  7. ^ Collins & Mees (1990:93)
  8. ^ Collins & Mees (1990:92)
  9. ^ Bauer et al. (2007)
  10. ^ a b Roca & Johnson (1999:186)
  11. ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), pp. 368–369.
  12. ^ a b Ó Sé (2000)
  13. ^ Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013:101)
  14. ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  15. ^ Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682)
  16. ^ a b Wendel & Wendel (1978:198)
  17. ^ Halfmann, Jakob (2024). A Grammatical Description of the Katë Language (Nuristani) (PhD thesis). Köln: Universität zu Köln.
  18. ^ a b Bishop (1996:230)
  19. ^ a b Pearce (2011:251)
  20. ^ Lee (1999:121)
  21. ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013a:79)
  22. ^ Sadowsky et al. (2013:92)
  23. ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
  24. ^ a b Olson (2004:235)
  25. ^ a b Jassem (2003:105) The source transcribes this sound with the symbol ⟨ɨ⟩ but one can see from the vowel chart at pag. 105 that the Polish sound is closer to [ɘ] than to [ɨ].
  26. ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  27. ^ Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
  28. ^ a b Kanu & Tucker (2010:249)
  29. ^ Hoang (1965:24)
  30. ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:389)
  31. ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013b:370)
  32. ^ a b Merrill (2008:109–110)

References

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