Voiced bilabial flap
| Voiced bilabial flap | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⱱ̟ | |||
| w̆ (b̮) | |||
| IPA number | 184 413 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ⱱ̟ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+2C71 U+031F | ||
| |||
A voiced bilabial flap is an uncommon non-rhotic flap. It is usually, and perhaps always, an allophone of the labiodental flap, though it is the preferred allophone in a minority of languages such as Banda and some of its neighbors.[citation needed]
In Mono, the sound has been described as follows:
In the first step, the lower lip retracts into the oral cavity to a position behind the upper teeth. At the same time, the upper lip descends to wrap over the upper teeth. In the second step, the lower lip moves forward quickly, flapping against the upper lip as it exits the oral cavity. It is voiced throughout the articulation. In addition, during the articulation of the sound, the tongue bunches in the back of the mouth, adding a velar component to the sound.[1]
And, for allophony between the bilabial and labiodental flap,
The articulation of the sound consists of two stages. First, the lower lip is retracted slowly into the mouth well behind the upper teeth. Second, the lower lip is brought forward rapidly striking the upper lip or upper teeth in passing.
In the literature, this sound has most often been transcribed with ⟨w̆⟩,[2][3][4] a ⟨w⟩ modified by an extra-short diacritic.[a] A less frequently used alternative transcription is ⟨ⱱ̟⟩,[5][6] a labiodental flap ⟨ⱱ⟩ modified by an advanced diacritic. In addition, the symbol ⟨ⱳ⟩, a W with hook, is supported by SIL Global as a para-IPA transcription for this sound.[7]
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Taiwanese Hakka Sixian[8] | 𤸁苶苶仔 | [kʰʲoʲ˥ ŋʲap˨ ŋʲaⱱ̟˨ ɛ˥˧] | 'tired' | |
| Mambay[6] | vbwah | [ⱱ̟wâˁħ] | 'fog' | Phonemic. | |
| Mangbetu[2] | [nɔ́w̆à] | 'to refrain' | In free variation with labiodental flap | ||
| Mono[9] | vwa | [w̆a] | 'send' | Contrasts with /v/ and /w/. In free variation with labiodental flap | |
Notes
[edit]- ^ Kenneth S. Olson (2005) The Phonology of Mono, SIL Issue 140
- ^ a b Demolin & Teston (1996:105)
- ^ Olson & Hajek (2003:158)
- ^ Olson (2004:233)
- ^ Olson & Hajek (1999:112)
- ^ a b Anonby (2006)
- ^ "IPA (SIL) Keyboard Help", help.keyman.com
- ^ "𤸁苶苶仔_四县（台湾）_汀州片_客语_方言_中国汉语言文学网". www.hanwenxue.com. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
- ^ Olson (2004:233)
- ^ Velar taps and flaps are considered impossible sounds according to the IPA, so an extra-short ⟨w⟩ by definition can only refer to labial articulation. The decision to use ⟨w̆⟩ instead of ⟨b̮⟩, an extra short ⟨b⟩, maintains a graphical parallel with ⟨v̆⟩, the former transcription most commonly used for the voiced labiodental flap.
References
[edit]- Anonby, Erik John (December 2006), "Mambay", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 221–233, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002635, S2CID 232345865
- Demolin, Didier; Teston, Bernard (1996), "Labiodental Flaps in Mangbetu", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 26 (2): 103–111, JSTOR 44526205
- International Phonetic Association (2005), "IPA news", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 261–262, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002227, S2CID 232350099
- Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
- Olson, Kenneth S; Hajek, John (1999), "The phonetic status of the labial flap", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2): 101–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006484, S2CID 14438770
- Olson, Kenneth S; Hajek, John (2003), "Crosslinguistic insights on the labial flap", Linguistic Typology, 7 (2): 157–186, doi:10.1515/lity.2003.014
Further reading
[edit]- Olson and Hajek, 2001. 'The Geographic and Genetic Distribution of the Labial Flap'
- Olson, Kenneth; Schrag, Brian (2000), "An overview of Mono phonology", in Wolff, H.E.; Gensler, O. (eds.), Proceedings from the 2nd World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig 1997, Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe, pp. 393–409
