Voiceless palatal nasal

Voiceless alveolo-palatal nasal
Voiceless alveolo-palatal nasal
n̠̊ʲ
ɲ̊˖

Voiceless palatal nasal
Voiceless palatal nasal
ɲ̊
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A voiceless palatal nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨ɲ̊⟩ and ⟨ɲ̥⟩, which are combinations of the letter for the voiced palatal nasal and a diacritic indicating voicelessness.

Features

Features of a voiceless palatal nasal:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
Its phonation is un-voiced, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
It is a nasal consonant, which means air is exclusively allowed to escape through the nose for nasal stops; otherwise, in addition to through the mouth.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Baniwa^[1]	Hohodene	[ĩ:ɲ̊ə]		'to eat'
Burmese^[2]		ညှာ/nya:	[ɲ̊à]	'considerate'
Faroese^[3]^[4]		einki / onki	[ˈɔɲ̊t͡ʃɪ]	'nothing'	See Faroese phonology
Hmong	White Hmong	𖬗𖬣𖬰 / hnyav	[ɲ̥a˨˦]	'heavy'	Contrasts with voiced /ɲ/. In Green Hmong, it has merged with /ɲ/.^[5]
Iaai		[ɲ̊øːk]		'to dedicate'
Icelandic^[6]		banki	[ˈpɑu̯ɲ̊cɪ]	'bank'	See Icelandic phonology
Jalapa Mazatec^[7]		hñá	[ɲ̊á]	'brush'

Alveolo-palatal

If distinction is necessary, a voiceless alveolo-palatal nasal may be transcribed as ⟨n̠̊ʲ⟩ (devoiced, retracted and palatalized ⟨n⟩), or ⟨ɲ̟̊⟩/⟨ɲ̊˖⟩ (devoiced and advanced ⟨ɲ⟩); these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. A non-IPA letter ⟨ȵ̊⟩ (devoiced ⟨ȵ⟩, which is an ordinary "n", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩) can also be used.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Xumi	Lower^[8]	[ʃɐ̃˦ɲ̟̊ɛ˦]		'clean'	Alveolo-palatal; occurs mostly in loanwords from Tibetan.^[8]

Notes

^ Souza (2012), p. 82.
^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
^ Árnason (2011), p. 124.
^ Þráinsson et al. (2012), p. ?.
^ Ratliff (2003), p. 24.
^ Árnason (2011), p. 109.
^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 107.
^ ^a ^b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367.

References

Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157^{[permanent dead link]}
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Ratliff, Martha (2003). "Hmong secret languages: themes and variations". In Bradley, David; LaPolla, Randy; Michialovsky, Boyd; Thurgood, Graham (eds.). Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff. Australian National University. pp. 21–34. doi:10.15144/PL-555.21. hdl:1885/146727. ISBN 0-85883-540-1.
Souza, Erick Marcelo Lima de (2012). Estudo fonológico da Língua Baniwa-Kuripako (Master's dissertation) (in Brazilian Portuguese). University of Campinas. doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2012.898354. hdl:20.500.12733/1619268.
Þráinsson, Höskuldur; Petersen, Hjalmar P.; Jacobsen, Jógvan í Lon; Hansen, Zakaris Svabo (2012), Faroese – An Overview and Reference Grammar, Tórshavn: Føroya fróðskaparfelag, ISBN 9789991841854

External links

[FOOTNOTESouza201282-1] Souza (2012), p. 82.

[FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996111-2] Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.

[FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011124-3] Árnason (2011), p. 124.

[FOOTNOTEÞráinssonPetersenJacobsenHansen2012?-4] Þráinsson et al. (2012), p. ?.

[FOOTNOTERatliff200324-5] Ratliff (2003), p. 24.

[FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011109-6] Árnason (2011), p. 109.

[FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996107-7] Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 107.

[FOOTNOTEChirkovaChen2013365,_367-8] Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367.

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